A. JABBAR DENTAL CLINIC KARACHI

Sadia Khan

پہلی ماہواری؟ پریشانی کی بات نہیں، ہم آپ کی رہنمائی کریں گے

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Madeeha Syed

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Is Acupuncture the Right Choice For You?

Overview

Acupuncture is an ancient, traditional Chinese practice. Chinese people would use this method to relieve pain and other unpleasant symptoms.

An acupuncturist inserts tiny needles on specific points on your body. These points are called &ldquo;acupoints&rdquo; where the flow of energy is redistributed and helps in healing. Acupoints help in releasing the chemicals to fight off the symptoms of illness.&nbsp;

According to research, this method has proven to be an effective way of relieving symptoms. 
&nbsp;

Acupuncture Treatment

The idea of having not one but numerous needles in your body sounds scary. But, if truth be told, most people don&rsquo;t feel a thing! Some only experience a minor discomfort while the needle is inserted. This is because the needles used in acupuncture are as thin as human hair and a pressure or aching sensation is felt only after the needle has been correctly placed.&nbsp;

During the procedure, needles could either be exposed to a gentle electric current or they could be heated.&nbsp;

Reportedly, people feel calmer and more relaxed, even energetic, after a session. 
&nbsp;

The energy that runs through the body is referred to as Qi in Chinese medicine. Practitioners of Chinese medicine hold that interruptions of Qi result in energy imbalances in the body, which causes disease.

Some acupuncture techniques use needles to prick acupuncture points (also referred to as acupoints) on various body parts in an effort to restore Qi equilibrium. The body has hundreds of acupoints located along 14 major meridians, also known as energy pathways. 
&nbsp;

The body&rsquo;s natural mechanisms are stimulated by the needles to:

<ul>
	<li>Respond to a disease or symptom</li>
	<li>Reset the body&#39;s balance</li>
	<li>Release organic substances, including the body&#39;s <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/the-right-approach-to-painkillers">natural painkillers</a> endorphins and neurotransmitters, which regulate nerve impulses 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Acupuncture can relieve a variety of health issues, but majority of the people use it to treat long lasting pain, including:&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Back pain&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Muscle pain</li>
	<li>Neck pain</li>
	<li>Joint pain</li>
	<li>Migraines</li>
	<li>Menstrual pain</li>
	<li>Sports Injury 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Acupuncture is also used to treat conditions like:

<ul>
	<li>Nerve pain</li>
	<li>Side effects of cancer treatment</li>
	<li>IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)</li>
	<li>Pregnancy issues</li>
	<li>Hot flashes and menopause symptoms 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Acupuncture may have side effects in some people, just like any other form of medical care. They are:

<ul>
	<li>Pain and bleeding at the insertion site</li>
	<li>Nausea</li>
	<li>Infections</li>
	<li>Allergic response&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Skin rash</li>
	<li>An area of bruising around the needle puncture site&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Dizziness 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Serious side effects include:

<ul>
	<li>Blood vessel and nerve damage&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Issues from the needle breaking during therapy&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Organ injuries</li>
	<li>Brain and spinal cord injuries 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Rarely, acupuncture complications could prove fatal.&nbsp;

Remember, you should always consult a doctor before getting acupuncture. Also, make sure that a skilled healthcare professional is performing the procedure using sterile, disposable needles to decrease the chances of negative effects. 
&nbsp;

Bottom Line

Although acupuncture&rsquo;s exact mechanism of action is unknown, research suggests that it might alter the autonomic nervous system and release endorphins. It could be helpful in treating various health concerns, including mental health illnesses, pain, inflammatory diseases, stress, and skin appearance. But you need to exercise caution because for some people, acupuncture could result in minor or major side effects.

If you have difficulty in managing pain and other health conditions, you could consider getting an acupuncture done. It&rsquo;s always a good idea to check with your healthcare provider to find out what&rsquo;s the right choice for you!

Namwer Rao

Online Consultation

Ismail Munir

Common Menstrual Myths In The Society

Introduction

If you belong to the latter group, then chances are that once you got over the dying part and gathered the courage to speak to a family member, they informed you of your body&#39;s natural function and likely a few additional pieces of information regarding menses. As per results from a recent study, only 28% of women in Karachi, Pakistan had adequate menstrual health knowledge prior to their first <a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/article/natural-remedies-to-help-regulate-your-periods">period</a>.<a href="#accordion">[1]</a> 
&nbsp;

Understanding Myths Associated With Menstruation

Almost 50% of Pakistan&#39;s population is composed of females.<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>&nbsp;Despite the high prevalence of females, awareness of women&#39;s health issues is limited. There is an unfortunate stigmatization of menstruation in low-income countries, for e.g., sanitary napkins are often sold in brown paper bags and menstrual concerns are not a widely discussed topic. This stigmatization of menstruation and lack of awareness leads to the spread of incorrect practices and knowledge among women. This could be a source of concern as these practices can later have harmful implications on the lives of women and girls.&nbsp;

Every woman has been likely exposed to several myths and superstitions pertaining to periods. The following article will help to shed light on some of these myths.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<ul dir="ltr">
	<li>
	<h5>No Baths Allowed</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

A multi-center study conducted on menstrual hygiene practices among Pakistani girls reported that 39% of girls avoid bathing during menstruation.<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>The most common reason for avoiding taking a bath is that it can cause an irregular flow.<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>&nbsp;However, such practices can affect one&#39;s hygiene and predispose girls to reproductive tract infections. Moreover, research has pointed out that there is no link between irregular flow and bathing during menstruation. Instead, warm baths are often encouraged to help relieve painful menstrual cramps in women.<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<ul dir="ltr">
	<li>
	<h5>Don&#39;t Eat The Pickle</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Cold water, pickles, eggs, and milk are just some of the food items various cultures advise against consuming during menstruation. Approximately 50% of Pakistani girls report avoiding &#39;cold foods&#39;(e.g., yogurt, ice cream) as they fear that it will stop their periods and increase the chances of blood clots.<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>&nbsp;Similarly, &#39; hot foods&#39; (e.g., liver, eggs, dry fruits) are also avoided for fear of menstrual irregularities. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence linking cold or hot food to menstrual cycle abnormalities.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<ul dir="ltr">
	<li>
	<h5>Avoid Exercising</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Among the general population in Karachi, approximately 53% of women restrict physical activity during menstruation to avoid heavy periods.<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>&nbsp;Walking, sitting, and lifting weights are some of the commonly avoided physical activities among girls and women. However, research shows that aerobic exercise can be beneficial for painful menstrual cramps.<a href="#accordion">[5]</a> 
&nbsp;

Conclusion

In many low- and middle-income countries, periods are considered impure and a process of dirty or impure blood leaving the body. This is likely due to a lack of education regarding reproductive health. Young adolescent girls are often too shy or scared to discuss menstrual issues with their mothers. Moreover, a majority of adult women are also not aware of the physiology of menstruation or good hygiene practices. As a result, there is a high prevalence of misinformation among girls and women. Almost 70% of Pakistani university-going girls believe the source of bleeding in menstruation to be the vagina instead of the uterus.<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>

Therefore, there is a need for the introduction of regular menstrual education awareness programs in schools and universities. Furthermore, primary care physicians should be aware of the common myths and misconceptions regarding menstrual health in a population. Health education campaigns on a community level can ultimately help destigmatize reproductive health issues.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Key Points

<ul>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Menstruation is a natural phenomenon in a woman&#39;s life that is often stigmatized in various cultures.</li>
	<li>A lack of awareness has led to the development of various myths and practices regarding menstruation. The most common of which is avoidance of taking a bath during periods, not eating certain foods, and avoiding exercise.</li>
	<li>Community-based health education programs can help destigmatize menstruation and propagate correct information and practices among girls and women.</li>
</ul>

[1] Ali, S. A. et al., 2020. Perceptions, Practices, and Challenges Regarding Menstrual Hygiene Among Women in Karachi, Pakistan: A Comparison Between General Population and Healthcare Workers. Cureus, 12(8).

[2] Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, n.d. Census 2017. [Online].

[3] Mansoor, H. et al., 2020. Menstrual knowledge and practices of Pakistani girls: A multicenter, cross-sectional study. Heliyon, 6(1).

[4] Jo, J. & Lee, S. H., 2018. Heat therapy for primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its effects on pain relief and quality of life. Scientific Reports, Volume 8.

[5] Dehnavi, Z. M., Jafarnejad, F. & Kamali, Z., 2018. The Effect of aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea: A clinical trial study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(3).

Nimrah H. Sattar

Mental Health Tips For Dysmenorrhea

If you&#39;re a woman in your 20s, 30s, or really any age, there must have been days when you struggled with your mental health. Dark thoughts, anxiety, low mood, an inability to carry out normal day-to-day chores, chances are you&#39;ve experienced them all. And if you suffer from <a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/dysmenorrhea">dysmenorrhea</a>, then the chances of anxiety, irritability, etc. become much higher. Despite society conditioning us into thinking that period pain is a part of life, there is nothing okay about having to deal with debilitating pain on a monthly basis.

<a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a>, also called painful menstruation, affects more than 50% of university students in Pakistan<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. Along with severe pain, many women also report sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating on work or studies, and frequent leaves from work or school<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. Additionally, women with dysmenorrhea have higher depression and anxiety scores<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. Thus, significantly impacting their quality of life.

So, if you&#39;re someone struggling with dysmenorrhea and its mental health effects, here are some of the things you can do to feel better.

&nbsp;

Understanding Dysmenorrhea And Mental Health

Over five thousand years ago, people in Northern India developed what we now call yoga. The exercise and relaxation method has evolved over the years, but what has remained the same is its ability to help people heal, both physically and emotionally. Yoga isn&#39;t just some exercise. It is also a way for people ground themselves and connect with their thoughts.

In dysmenorrhea, the increased levels of prostaglandins and estrogen cause the uterine muscles to contract. As these muscles contract, they push against the surrounding blood vessels, temporarily cutting off the oxygen supply to the muscle. Thus, resulting in pain around the lower abdomen and back.&nbsp;

Various yoga poses can help relax the muscles and improve the blood supply to the pelvic region. Moreover, the various stretches also help calm the mind and revive your energy. However, no one&#39;s asking you to twist your body into crazy positions. You can start by practicing simple poses such as the pigeon pose, fish pose, bound angle pose, and child&#39;s pose. It&#39;s best to avoid leg lifts and any rigorous physical activity during the first few days of your periods.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Deep breathing exercises involve a combination of slow, deep inhales and exhales. They help increase blood flow in the blood vessels, relax muscles, and reduce pain perception. Thus, relieving anxiety and depression symptoms among people. It is also one of non-pharmacological methods of reducing pain in women with dysmenorrhea.

&nbsp;

Here&#39;s a simple deep breathing exercise you can try next time you feel anxious or low on emery:

<ol>
	<li>Lie on your back in bed or on a yoga mat.</li>
	<li>Inhale and exhale to relax your body.</li>
	<li>Now place a hand on your belly.</li>
	<li>As you take a deep breath in, feel your belly rise into your hand.</li>
	<li>Breath out slowly and feel the belly move down as the air exits your body.</li>
	<li>Take three more breaths like this, focusing on the movement of your belly and feeling the air filling your body and leaving with every exhale.</li>
</ol>

&nbsp;

Dysmenorrhea can be an extremely debilitating condition for women. Coupled with pain, women are also affected with mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. Therefore, it is important to increase awareness about the mental health implications of this gynecological disorder. Moreover, researchers believe that psychiatric intervention can help women and adolescent girls suffering from dysmenorrhea have a better quality of life.

<ul>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Dysmenorrhea, defined as painful menstruation, is associated with higher depression and anxiety levels among women.</li>
	<li>Yoga is a simple exercise technique that can help relax muscles and calm the mind, helping ease symptoms of depression and anxiety in women with dysmenorrhea.</li>
	<li>Deep breathing exercises involve slow, deep breaths that increase oxygenation of muscles and blood vessels; thus, relaxing muscles and reducing anxiety and depression.</li>
	<li>There is a need for a multidisciplinary approach in women suffering from dysmenorrhea. Psychological intervention can help improve their quality of life.</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

[1] Yasir, S., Kant, B. & Dar, M. F., 2014. FREQUENCY OF DYSMENORRHOEA, ITS IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY MEDICAL STUDENTS. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbotabad, 26(3).

[2] Unsal, A. et al., 2010. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality of life among a group of female university students. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 115(2), pp. 138-145.

[3] Sahin, N. et al., 2018. Assessment of anxiety-depression levels and perceptions of quality of life in adolescents with dysmenorrhea. Reproductive Health, Volume 15.

Medilink Consultant clinic

Saad Ullah Siddiqui

Managing Pain In Dysmenorrhea

<a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a> is a common occurrence among adolescent girls<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. Also called painful menstruation, the condition affects 50% of university students across Pakistan<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. In the majority of women, the pain is also associated with nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and mood disturbances.&nbsp;

Dysmenorrhea is of two types: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea develops in the absence of any underlying medical condition and is usually caused by an increase in prostaglandin activity. On the other hand, secondary dysmenorrhea results from pelvic pathology such as fibroids, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ovarian cysts, or several others.&nbsp;

While the level of pain varies from person to person, in many the symptom of dysmenorrhea significantly impacts their quality of life. Difficulty concentrating on studies, sleep disturbances, limited participation in sports, and frequent class and work absenteeism are common feature<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>.&nbsp;

Therefore, effective pain management techniques are highly important in helping women achieve some normalcy in life. There are several pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods available to help relieve pain.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Understanding Dysmenorrhea And Pain Management

These include conventional treatments such as over-the-counter pain relief medications and hormonal contraceptives:

&nbsp;

<h5>1. Pain Relievers</h5>

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are effective at reducing the levels of prostaglandins in the body. This in turn reduces uterine contraction and helps relieve dysmenorrhea. They are used for both primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. However, their use is contraindicated in people with gastritis, peptic ulcer, renal problems, or bleeding conditions due to adverse effects. Moreover, for many women NSAIDs fail to provide the desired effect of pain relief.&nbsp;In some women, doctors may also prescribe analgesics such as aspirin and acetaminophen in combination with NSAIDs or alone.

&nbsp;

<h5>2. Hormonal Contraceptives</h5>

These work by blocking ovulation and decreasing menstrual flow; thus, alleviating pain. Some options include oral contraceptive pills, hormonal intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD), and hormonal injections. While they can provide better relief of pain than NSAIDs, they are associated with side effects such as weight gain, menstrual irregularities, and mood changes. Moreover, they are often prescribed to women not looking to conceive.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Over the years, the use of nonpharmacological methods which commonly involve complementary and alternative medicine has steadily increased<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>.&nbsp;Bed rest is one of the most common methods employed by university students in Pakistan for pain management followed by oil massage, drinking turmeric milk, and using hot water bottles<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.&nbsp;

 
Generally, at-home treatments for relieving dysmenorrhea include:

<ul>
	<li>Placing a heating pad or hot water bottle on the pelvic and back area can help reduce muscular spasms.</li>
	<li>Massaging the abdomen and back using essential oils such as lavender, rose, and peppermint.</li>
	<li>Taking warm baths.</li>
	<li>Taking vitamin B1 (thiamine) supplements daily.</li>
	<li>Avoiding caffeine, smoking, and alcohol.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Daily exercise can also help prevent painful menstrual cramps.</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Ginger</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The use of ginger has also been shown to cause a significant reduction in pain. Researchers attribute the effects to ginger&#39;s anti-inflammatory action that is brought about by the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In a study, ginger was shown to be as effective as ibuprofen and mefenamic acid in relieving pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Complementary Methods</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Some alternative or complementary methods may also be employed for dysmenorrhea. These include:

&nbsp;

<h5>1. Yoga</h5>

Several yoga poses can provide relief from painful menstruation. The gentle exercise has been linked to the release of endorphins and reducing menstrual pain.

&nbsp;

<h5>2.&nbsp;Acupuncture And Acupressure</h5>

Certain acupuncture points help reduce muscular contractions by regulating blood flow to these areas. Thus, reducing pain.

&nbsp;

<h5>3. Herbs</h5>

Herbal remedies such as chamomile tea, fennel seeds, and cinnamon have anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic action that reduce muscular contractors and relieve pain.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<h5>4.&nbsp;Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)</h5>

Through electrical pulses, the body is stimulated to release endorphins which help reduce pain.

&nbsp;

Menstrual pain is often dismissed as a normal part of women&#39;s lives. This results in young women never seeking medical attention for dysmenorrhea. Thus, causing significant physical and emotional distress. Not only can dysmenorrhea affect one&#39;s academic performance but also limit their day-to-day functioning.&nbsp;

Despite the high prevalence of dysmenorrhea, there is a lack of awareness among women about the various pain management methods available to them. The majority of women self-medicate with NSAIDs or analgesics. However, these often cause side effects and/or fail to provide relief. Therefore, there is a need for more effective and safe pain management strategies. Moreover, women should be counseled about the various complementary and alternative medicine methods such as yoga and breathing exercises that can provide relief of symptoms.

&nbsp;

<ul></ul><ul><li style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Dysmenorrhea is defined as painful menstruation and leads to significant reduction in quality of life.</li><li style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Pharmacological methods for pain relief involve the use of over-the-counter pain medications such as NSAIDS and hormonal contraceptives.</li><li style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Since pharmacological therapies can have side effects, many women resort to home remedies such as massage, heating pads, massage, and exercise.</li><li style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Complementary and alternative medicine methods such as yoga, acupuncture, and herbal supplements are also gaining momentum for treatment of dysmenorrhea.</li></ul>

[1] Ullah, A. et al., 2021. Prevalence of Dysmenorrhea and Determinants of Pain Intensity Among University-Age Women. Pain Medicine, 22(12), pp. 2851-2862.

[2] Yasir, S., Kant, B. & Dar, M. F., 2014. FREQUENCY OF DYSMENORRHOEA, ITS IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY MEDICAL STUDENTS. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbotabad, 26(3).

[3] Unsal, A. et al., 2010. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality of life among a group of female university students. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 115(2), pp. 138-145.

[4] Yu, A., 2014. Complementary and alternative treatments for primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. The Nurse Practitioner, 39(11), pp. 1-12.

[5] Mansoor, H. et al., 2020. Menstrual knowledge and practices of Pakistani girls: A multicenter, cross-sectional study. Heliyon, 6(1).

[6] Jenabi, E., 2013. The effect of ginger for relieving of primary dysmenorrhoea. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 63(1).

The Right Approach To Painkillers

Pain is a complex physical sensation that has both biological and psychological components. Painkillers help manage pain by reducing its intensity or duration. The way in which painkillers work may vary from person to person, but they&#39;re typically used as short-term treatments. 
&nbsp;

Approach to Painkillers

Painkillers are drugs that relieve pain. They can be taken as a pill or injected directly into the body, and they&rsquo;re usually <a href="https://merisehat.pk/doctor-now">prescribed by a doctor</a>.

Painkillers are not addictive when used in moderation, but they should be used carefully because they can cause serious side effects (like nausea or constipation) if misused. Painkillers don&rsquo;t actually cure the underlying cause of your pain; instead, they temporarily mask it until your body heals itself naturally.

Painkillers are dangerous when taken incorrectly: either too little to relieve pain or too much to become an overdose risk. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Acetaminophen</h5>

Acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) is an over the counter (OTC) pain reliever that&rsquo;s generally considered safe to use when taken at recommended doses. This drug is often used in conjunction with other medications, including opioid painkillers like codeine or morphine. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), acetaminophen can be used safely in children older than two months of age, but it isn&rsquo;t recommended for use by children under the age of 12 months due to increased risk of potentially serious liver damage.

Acetaminophen overdose has become increasingly common in recent years; according to the NIH, nearly 200 Americans die every year from unintentional overdoses on this drug alone. However, a large number of these fatalities involve alcohol consumption; if you have consumed alcohol before taking acetaminophen &mdash; even just one drink &mdash; do not exceed more than four grams per day (4000 mg). This limit includes both over the counter and prescription products containing this ingredient. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)</h5>

NSAIDs are used to treat pain and inflammation. They&rsquo;re often used to ease the discomfort of arthritis or other inflammatory conditions but can also be taken for headaches and other types of muscle pain. They are available over the counter and don&#39;t require a prescription.

NSAIDs are non-narcotic, which means they won&rsquo;t make you feel like you&rsquo;re &ldquo;high.&rdquo; However, this doesn&rsquo;t mean they don&rsquo;t have side effects; they do have some risks associated with them, such as stomach ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding if taken on an empty stomach (which is why it&rsquo;s important to wait at least two hours after eating before taking NSAIDs). These risks can be alleviated somewhat by taking them with food, although this only reduces the severity of these risks &mdash; it doesn&rsquo;t eliminate them altogether. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Opioids</h5>

Opioids are a class of drugs that relieve pain. They include heroin, fentanyl, morphine and codeine. Opioids can be addictive and dangerous; they are not recommended for long-term pain relief because they are associated with addiction and overdose deaths. However, opioids (particularly tramadol) may be used to treat chronic pain when other medications have failed or caused too many side effects for the patient to tolerate them.

Opioids are not the same as heroin or other illegal street drugs &mdash; but they do share some of the same effects on users&rsquo; bodies and minds as heroin does: They slow breathing down until it stops completely (which can lead to death) and cause intense euphoria while they&rsquo;re being taken that makes users want more each time, they use them. 
&nbsp;

Acetaminophen is a painkiller, but it&rsquo;s not an NSAID. Acetaminophen is not an opioid, nor does it have the potential for abuse or addiction like opioids do. In fact, you can buy it at almost any grocery store in your area without a prescription from a doctor!

But because acetaminophen is a non-controlled substance (a Schedule 1 drug), you may end up taking too much of it if you don&rsquo;t know how to use it properly. This can cause damage to your liver and kidneys over time. Aspirin also has many side effects when taken incorrectly &mdash; it can lead to ulcers or stomach bleeding if taken along with other medications that thin the blood (like warfarin). 
&nbsp;

For those suffering from pain, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is common. You might have taken NSAIDs for a headache or back pain, or to calm inflammation after exercising. These include ibuprofen and naproxen, which are most commonly used for headaches and menstrual cramps respectively. Aspirin is an NSAID as well, but its use in children has been linked to an increased risk of Reye syndrome &mdash; a rare condition where damage occurs to the liver and brain. 
&nbsp;

Painkillers can also be used as an immediate solution when dealing with more acute injuries or illnesses. For example: if you&rsquo;re sick from the flu and start vomiting every five minutes because your stomach hurts so much from dehydration &mdash; then getting some medicine into your system will help relieve those symptoms immediately. 
&nbsp;

Painkillers are a good way to treat the causes of pain, but they can have dangerous side effects. If you take too many painkillers on a regular basis, they can cause liver damage, stomach ulcers and constipation. These drugs also make it harder for your body to absorb vitamins A and K1 and 2 (which are important for healthy skin).

If you&rsquo;re taking prescription painkillers because of an injury or surgery, then it&rsquo;s important to keep taking them as directed by your doctor. However, if you&rsquo;re experiencing chronic pain that isn&rsquo;t caused by an injury or surgery (for example: arthritis), then there are safer ways than using over-the-counter or prescription drugs like ibuprofen or acetaminophen.

If someone tells me that their back hurts so bad when I ask about their symptoms; I would recommend seeing a physiotherapist instead of popping pills every day in order avoid further complications down the road. 
&nbsp;

Every medicine comes with its own set of side effects and while they are a convenient way of fixing the problem, painkillers are not your permanent solution. While the administration of OTC painkillers sometimes is fine, making a habit out of it can cause many long-term issues. The best way to deal with any sort of painful condition is to go to your physician and get it checked. Always target the root cause of the problem and practice safe medication. 
&nbsp;

Painkillers are a necessary part of our lives. They can help ease the pain of an injury, get rid of a headache or menstrual cramps, and even make it possible to sleep at night. But all drugs have side effects, and painkillers are no exception. So, when it comes time for you to take them, be sure you know exactly what kind of medication you&rsquo;re taking &mdash; not just so that you can avoid negative reactions with other medications or medical conditions but also because some types might be more effective than others depending on what kind of pain they&rsquo;re treating! Always consult your healthcare practitioner before subjecting your body to any medicine.&nbsp;

Umna Salah

A Guide to Essential Vitamins and Micronutrients and Should you be Taking Them?

Types

The booming health and fitness industry, diets (fad or otherwise), and holistic living practices have introduced plenty of terms in our daily life that may sound like gibberish to the common man. What is nutrition? What is a nutrient?&nbsp; Nutrition is anything you put in your body allowing it to repurpose it for survival, development and help it function normally. This is delivered via nutrients which are of two kinds:&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">

Macronutrients

<h5 style="line-height:1.295;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;">Macronutrients:</h5>Proteins, fats and carbohydrates. As can be understood by the name, they are needed in bulk and are necessary for the growth and functions of a human body.

Micronutrients

<h5>Micronutrients:</h5>

Vitamins and minerals. Only needed in trace quantities, these play a crucial role in many essential bodily functions.

&nbsp;

Micronutrients and what they do

Vitamins

<h5 style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; line-height: 1.295;">Vitamins:</h5>Vitamins are organic compounds our bodies can’t produce on their own. Your body needs 13 of these in total. These can be either fat soluble (A, D, E and K) or water soluble (All eight types of vitamin B and C). Let’s quickly dive into what these vitamins do for us:

Vitamin A

<h5 style="line-height:1.295;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;">Vitamin A:</h5>Widely known for its major role in fortifying our vision, this is also necessary for immune function, bone health, fetal development and fighting certain cancers. Found in fish meat liver, eggs, milk, vegetables such as squash, carrots and spinach. Vitamin A rarely runs out since most foods contain this compound, but if it does ever happen such as in low-income countries like Nigeria, it will lead to night blindness.

Vitamin D

&nbsp;

<h5><a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/vitamin-d">Vitamin D</a>:&nbsp;</h5>

This &lsquo;sunshine vitamin&rsquo; is absorbed through the skin. It&rsquo;s necessary for bone strength and deficiency at any stage of life can have detrimental effects. Rickets in the young and osteomalacia in the elderly, both of which lead to a loss of structural integrity of bones. Salmon, butter and milk are great resources to get this from and so is regular exposure to sunlight.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Vitamin E

<h5 style="line-height:1.295;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;">Vitamin E:</h5>An antioxidant that functions mainly to protect other vitamins and certain molecules from being damaged. It has been known to help in Alzheimer’s disease. You can get this from vegetable oils, leafy greens, whole grains and nuts.&nbsp;

Vitamin K

<h5 style="line-height:1.295;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;">Vitamin K:</h5>This plays a major role in blood clotting. Cabbage, liver, broccoli and kale are rich in this, and bleeding occurs if there’s a deficiency.

Vitamin Bs

<h5 style="line-height:1.295;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;">Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12:</h5>Essential for energy, red blood cell production, healthy skin, nervous system function and hormone production. These can be obtained from salmon, soy products, whole grains, leafy greens, poultry, mushrooms, potatoes, peanut butter, broccoli avocadoes, tomatoes, fish chicken eggs legumes bananas. A lack of B6 and B12 can lead to anemia whereas if you’re low on B1 and B3 you might experience mental confusion.

Vitamin C

<h5>Vitamin C:</h5>We all remember how this one found its popularity at the beginning of the Covid19 pandemic. This was owing to the fact that it fights infections. Apart from this, it helps grow and repair tissues, protects against certain cancers and cataracts and has antioxidant properties. Get it from peppers, broccoli, guavas, papaya, kiwi, oranges and strawberries. Deficiency may lead to a disease called Scurvy. You can get bleeding gums, loss of teeth, brown spots on your skin and even death may occur if it’s severe enough.

Minerals

Minerals are chemical elements, hence less likely to be degraded by cooking, boiling etc. We have two types of these on the basis of how much our body needs these. Some of the major mineral are calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride. Trace minerals are iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride etc. They take part in all kinds of bodily functions such as:&nbsp;<ul></ul><ul><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Water balance</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Blood cell production</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Cognitive benefits</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Blood sugar regulation</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Immune function</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Bone health</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Nerve conduction</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Hormone production</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Enzyme activation and so much more.</li></ul>Some of the natural resources of these minerals are dairy products, tofu, kale, fish meat eggs poultry nuts cheese, salt, nuts beans, whole grains and legumes.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The growing conscientiousness about health in the general public has led to almost everyone consuming some kind of a multivitamin supplement. It’s mostly bought for all the claims we see on the packaging. These claims range from “fights oxidative stress” to “improves immune system” and “supports cardiovascular health”. There are several reasons why that might not be the case however:&nbsp; <ul></ul><ul><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Gives you a false sense of security where you might feel like now that you have everything in this little pill, you don’t ever need to buy another vegetable ever again.&nbsp;</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">They might interfere with the effectiveness of some drugs such as insulin, Xanax etc.&nbsp;</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Fat soluble vitamins may build up in local fat stores and lead to trouble down the road.</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">They are not FDA approved! Yes. These supplements are not highly regulated and any one can manufacture and market them as they please with all kinds of lofty claims.</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">There has been research that suggests linkage between cancer and high dosages of certain vitamins.&nbsp;</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Some of these vitamins and minerals, when taken together can be counterproductive to each other.&nbsp;</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Research has shown that rates of cancer, heart attack and mental decline were found to be similar in people who take vitamins and those who don’t.&nbsp;</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">The very real risk of toxicity. It might seem far-fetched but such cases are well documented in medical literature. This is especially true for vitamin E and beta carotene (A) supplements.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Now there are certain situations in which it makes sense to consume these supplements such as:&nbsp;<ul></ul><ul><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">Your doctor found out you have a deficiency for a certain vitamin, such as a Vitamin D deficiency is quite common.</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">You have a condition that doesn’t allow your body to absorb vitamins and minerals from your food (malabsorption syndrome).&nbsp;</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">You’re pregnant. Pregnancy increases the nutritional demands of the body. Pre-natal supplements and folic acid helps replenish the resources that are essential for the healthy development of the baby.&nbsp;</li><li style="line-height: 1.295; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;">You’re vegan. Chances are you might be running low on your vitamin B12 stores and it’s wise to obtain it from an alternate source.</li></ul>

Bottom line

So, bottom line, if you do want to start living a healthier lifestyle it would be smart to start with consuming a healthy diet overall. Naturally replenishing your vitamin and mineral stores eliminates much of the trouble that comes with these synthetic cocktails. If you still think you’re lacking something then it would be wise to consult your doctor before buying the first multivitamin that your guy at the pharmacy raves about.

In the end, it’s always better to be safe and careful with what you put inside your body.

Dr. Safia Mehmood

What’s Triggering My Migraine?

A migraine refers to a severe headache in a focused region of the cerebrum that is frequently accompanied by queasiness, spells of vomiting, and an incontinent aversion to light. It can last hours to days. Not all <a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/migraines-73">migraines</a> are linked to a trigger. 
&nbsp;

If you are one of those people who are affected by what they eat, then one of the most reliable methods to not aggravate the already painful headache is to identify your triggers and avoid these as much as you can. For some individuals, that implies avoiding specific food sources.

&nbsp;

Scientists and doctors alike have been unable to trace the specific reason for migraines. Specialists concur that short, immediate, and abrupt changes in your cerebrum movement and activity are likely to blame. These also have an unpleasant influence on your veins and nerve signals. The outcome: a pounding headache that can persist for an unpredictable period, ranging from a few hours to days. 
&nbsp;

Numerous things can cause migraines, like the medication you take, an unprecedented imbalance of hormones, and an absence of rest. Your eating regimen can also have an impact. In around 10% of individuals with migraines, food is a major trigger.

&nbsp;

Understanding migraine, its common triggers and treatment

As indicated by the Migraine Research Foundation, food sources may trigger migraines. However, any trigger overall is profoundly individualized, making conclusive findings more obscure and difficult to reach. To date, there has not been any such thing as a widespread migraine trigger. Yet, there are a few normal triggers that can cause or add to migraine episodes in certain individuals.

&nbsp;

<h5>1. Caffeine</h5>

We realize that some of you are most likely disappointed when you see caffeine leading this list, yet research demonstrates that unnecessary caffeine consumption can set off headache assaults. Moreover, recent studies propose reducing those daily espresso shots to decrease migraine recurrence<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. 
&nbsp;

If you heavily rely on caffeine for that morning boost and cannot imagine beginning your day without an espresso, certain studies suggest that a moderate dosage may help hinder migraines<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. Therefore, it is important to note that excessively devouring coffee will not do you much good.&nbsp; We realize that the caffeine boost can feel like a lifeline at times, so we will not ask for a total ban. However, try to restrict yourself to under two cups each day<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<h5>2. Chocolate</h5>

This list may contain some of your favorite foods and snacks, which is why it should not come as a shock that chocolate ranks so high within our list of food triggers. According to recent research, 22% of migraine patients held chocolate as the responsible culprit for worsening symptoms<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. Another study claimed that 42% of their subjects blamed chocolate for triggering their migraine attacks<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>. 
&nbsp;

This is understandable as chocolate contains beta-phenylethylamine, a compound that is also found in caffeine and has been associated with triggering headaches in non-migraine patients. And to perfectly mirror the dialogue of a typical brown mom, there are fruits that you could consume in place of chocolates.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<h5>3. Additives&nbsp;</h5>

It is perhaps a no-brainer that any chemical enhancements or excessively processed items will have negative impacts on your health. Some of the most common additives you should avoid in the supermarket are: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): MSG is a popular flavour enhancement found in canned and frozen foods, such as soups, snacks, seasonings, etc. It is the primary heading within the ingredients label in soy sauce and meat tenderizers. The chemical is occasionally labelled on preserved food sources as a natural preservative or a hydrolyzed protein. Reports demonstrate it can set off a migraine within 20 minutes of consumption. An estimated 10-15% of people suffering from migraines are affected by MSG<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Nitrates And Nitrites: These synthetic substances are present in many restored and handled meats, like sausages. They release a compound called nitric oxide which, when gets into your system, expands your veins, and then triggers the nervous system to cause a migraine 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Aspartame: Research suggests that artificial sweeteners play a crucial part in triggering migraines. These sugar alternatives are found in processed soft drinks, desserts, and many more. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

While studies have found a correlation between such processed foods and preservatives, there is not much difference in the pool of subjects and the placebo when introduced to these additives. But just to be safe, stick to natural alternates. 
&nbsp;

<h5>4. Aged Cheese</h5>

Cheese naturally contains a substance known as tyramine. It is formed once the cheese starts ageing and breaking down proteins. The age of cheese and concentration of tyramine are proportionally related. The more time it takes for the cheese to age, the greater the concentration of tyramine within the aged cheese. Since tyramine is linked to triggering headaches, people with migraines should look out for tyramine levels in cheese. Common types of cheeses with a high tyramine content include feta, parmesan, brie, gorgonzola, and blue cheese. Moreover, it&#39;s better to avoid cheeseburgers and pizzas when experiencing migraine symptoms. 
&nbsp;

<h5>5. Nuts And Seeds</h5>

Did you just find a recipe for peanut butter noodles? Are you fond of spreading almond butter over toast? Or do you like having nut butter straight from the jar? Well, unfortunately, these eating habits are likely contributing to the pounding sensation in your head. New information suggests that certain nuts are rich sources of tyramine, the same substance found in aged cheese. Avoid binge eating or snacking on nuts and seeds such as peanuts and pumpkin seeds<a href="#accordion">[7]</a>. 
&nbsp;

There may be a possibility that your food trigger has not been listed, or you may have more than just one. It is a frustrating and laborious task to find your food trigger. For sorting out your pain and migraine triggers, follow the basic idea of tracking and noting the food and beverages you devour in a day-to-day food migraine journal. Strictly monitor the progress and maintain entries in the journal. 
&nbsp;

You may assume a food to be delicate if you respond to it differently. If a specific food or beverage initiates a migraine consistently, 20 minutes to 2 hours after consumption, that should be marked as a trigger. 
&nbsp;

In any case, remember that even though it sounds easy to follow, figuring out potential food triggers may be exhausting and painful. As anything you consume would possess a risk of setting off your migraine. Although you will be in contact with and consume certain food triggers, you should not dismiss other factors that could be contributing to your perpetual headache. To analyze these risk factors, ask yourself the following questions: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Are you sleep-deprived?</li>
	<li>Have you skipped a meal?</li>
	<li>When was your last menstrual cycle?</li>
	<li>Have you been hydrating yourself sufficiently?</li>
	<li>Has the weather changed since the start of your headache? Did it become sunnier?</li>
	<li>Is there a family history of headaches?&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

While a search is still ongoing to assess the link between food triggers and migraines, it is safe to assume that no harm would come from avoiding certain foods. But it is also important to consider different aspects which may be hindering ease and causing more discomfort. Consult a doctor to find methods that work for you in a convenient and effective environment.&nbsp;

The article was written for informational purposes rather than providing options for treatment. To summarize:<ul><li>The cause of migraines has yet not been found, but certain food triggers have been linked to aggravating them.</li><li>Foods and beverages such as caffeine, cheese, nuts, processed meats, preservatives, and citrus foods should be avoided.</li><li>Other factors also influence migraines, such as family history, menstrual cycle, sun exposure, and dehydration.</li></ul>

[1].University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center. (2022, June 21). Diet can impact migraines.

[2].Shapiro, R. E., & Cowan, R. (2017, January 10). Caffeine and Migraines. Retrieved from American Migraine Foundation:

[3].Mostofsky, E., Mittleman, M. A., Buettner, C., Li, W., & Bertisch, S. M. (2019). Prospective Cohort Study of Caffeinated Beverage Intake as a Potential Trigger of Headaches among Migraineurs. The American Journal of Medicine, Retrieved from Science Daily

[4].Gibb, C., Davies, P., Glover, V., Steiner, T., Rose, F. C., & Sandler, M. (1991). Chocolate is a Migraine-Provoking Agent. Cephalalgia, 11(2), 93–95.

[5].Diamond, M. L., & Marcus, D. A. (2016, August 13). Diet and Headache Control. Retrieved from American Migraine Foundation:

[6].Gruber, H. J., Bernecker, C., Lechner, A., Weiss, S., Wallner-Blazek, M., Meinitzer, A., . . . Truschnig-Wilders, M. (2010). Increased nitric oxide stress is associated with migraine. Cephalalgia, 30(4), 486-92.

[7].Bauer, J. (2022). Nuts and Seeds: How Food Affects Health. Retrieved from Joy Bauer:

Zarlish Kazmi

Iqra Mazhar

I’m Hot. It’s Not Summer, It’s Just Menopause

<a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/menopause">Menopause</a> marks the evident end of regular menstrual cycles. The term can depict any progressions one goes through nearing the end of menstruation, or what one may experience closely after it, indicating the completion of your reproductive years and stages.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Menopause and perimenopause can cause side effects like nervousness, mood swings, mind haze, hot flushes, and irregular periods. These side effects can begin a long time before the end of the menstrual cycle and continue a while later. Menopause and perimenopause side effects can hugely affect the individual&rsquo;s life, including social interactions and work. However, there are multiple ways that can help you deal with these side effects. Several medications, for instance, can help replace the missing or reduced chemicals associated with menopause and help ease the unavoidable signs and symptoms.

&nbsp;

Understanding menopause and how to deal with its symptoms

Menopause is a natural process that all menstruating women must go through. It may occur due to one of the following reasons: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Natural Menopause: During their 40s, most women observe changes to their regular cycles. The cycles may become longer or more limited, heavier or lighter, more frequent or with much significant dry spells, until the ovaries stop producing eggs and menopause commences. This occurs, on average, by the age of 51 years<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Surgical Procedures: Surgical procedures such as oophorectomy or removal of ovaries are also associated with causing menopause. The ovaries are responsible for producing hormones, including estrogen and progesterone that control, monitor, and synchronize the monthly menstrual cycle. Thus, medical procedures to remove the ovaries cause early and prompt menopause. The monthly periods halt, and the person goes through the various menopausal signs and symptoms<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Chemotherapy Or Radiation Therapy: These disease treatments can affect menopause by causing side effects such as hot flashes during or not long after the course of treatment. Following chemotherapy, the stop to the monthly cycle (and fertility) is not necessarily irreversible or long-lasting, so contraceptive measures might be needed<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: Early menopause might result from the inadequate production of reproductive hormones by the ovaries, a condition called primary ovarian insufficiency. It can result from hereditary elements or immune system illness. Hormone treatment is regularly suggested until the normal period of menopause to safeguard the cerebrum, heart, and bones<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

Menopause is not easily self-diagnosed and missing a period for more than three months is a concerning state. The most common symptoms of menopause include: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Hot Flashes</li>
	<li>Insomnia</li>
	<li>Vaginal Dryness</li>
	<li>Urinary Incontinence</li>
	<li>Mood Changes 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

An individual may experience one or more symptoms and should consult medical healthcare providers to confirm the suspicion of menopause. They will monitor and examine your symptoms to guide you towards an efficient treatment.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

While certain lifestyle changes and drugs may forestall menopause, it is a natural and inevitable process every menstruating woman must go through. However, certain measures may help alleviate its symptoms.

&nbsp;

<h5>1. Hot Flashes</h5>

Hot flashes are the most prevalent symptoms of menopause. It is the unexpected sensation of warmth in the chest area, but is normally experienced with a greater sensation over the face, neck, and chest. Your skin can blush, as though you are becoming embarrassed. A hot flash can likewise cause extreme perspiration. Assuming you lose a lot of body heat, you can feel chills a short time later. Night sweats are hot flashes that occur at night<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Phytoestrogens naturally occur in plants and certain food sources. Research suggests that these substances can, to some extent, reverse the hormonal imbalance associated with menopause<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>. Soy-based food varieties contain elevated degrees of phytoestrogens, so eating loads of tofu is recommended to decrease the overwhelming effects of hot flashes. Moreover, it is highly recommended to stay away from food triggers that can make you sweat as they increase your basal temperature. These include hot drinks, spicy food, and liquor. And remember to stay hydrated! 
&nbsp;

Exercise likewise facilitates the discomfort of hot flashes by bringing down levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Try to get at least 20 minutes of physical activity, three times each week. As per the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, acupuncture can also help reduce hot flashes in postmenopausal women<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<h5>2. Insomnia</h5>

During menopause, it appears as though you are constantly drained and exhausted. To exacerbate the situation, hot flashes and various other side effects disrupt a person&rsquo;s sleep. Having a consistent sleep routine helps individuals to get the necessary amount of rest, especially during menopause when they are fatigued. To adhere to a timetable, set up your brain and body for rest by fostering a soothing bedtime ritual that starts around a similar time each night. For instance, clean up, listen to calming music, read a book, or do different exercises that help you relax. These practices indicate to your body that it&rsquo;s almost time to sleep. Thus, helping you to nod off with ease. 
&nbsp;

Once you get in bed, abstain from staring at the TV, using your laptop, or checking your phone. The blue light from gleaming electronic screens smothers your body&#39;s development of melatonin, a hormone that affects sleep. Moreover, try to abstain from working, eating, and having a serious conversation with anyone especially your spouse once you have settled into your bedroom. Reinforcing the relationship between your bed and rest might assist you with clearing your brain at bedtime. Ensure you are in a comfortable atmosphere by adjusting the temperature of the AC or heater, and getting a new fluffier pillow. If you live in a metropolitan city, get ear plugs so that the noises outside do not disturb you, and drink a cup of chamomile tea before going to bed.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<h5>3. Vaginal Dryness</h5>

The vagina might become dry, or irritated because of menopause and perimenopause. A GP can prescribe estrogen medicines that can be placed into the vagina, in the form of a tablet, cream, or ring. This multifaceted treatment can also help alleviate any urinary side effects of menopause and perimenopause, such as urinary incontinence. These vaginal estrogen medicines cannot enter the circulatory system and just have a local effect. Moreover, they do not have a rigid time frame and can be used throughout the post-menopause stage. Discontinuing the use of the product might bring back the unpleasant symptoms. There have not been any recorded repercussions, therefore, vaginal estrogen is safe to be used with hormone replacement therapy (HRT)<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Over-the-counter vaginal lubricants are recommended to address vaginal dryness experienced during intercourse. These items lower the frictional erosion associated with vaginal dryness and prevent any sexual discomfort. It should be noted that only water-soluble lubricants are recommended as the counterpart oil-soluble items, for example, Vaseline increases discomfort and make the situation more complex. Reach out for products intended for the vagina; keep away from hand creams and moisturizers containing alcohol or those that are scented. These can disturb the vaginal tissue and disrupt the vaginal pH<a href="#accordion">[7]</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<h5>4. Urinary Incontinence&nbsp;</h5>

While it is characterized as the constant and uncontrollable urge to urinate, most individuals would agree that urinary incontinence is an unwanted disturbance. Fortunately, there are systems to assist with various types of incontinence without drugs or medical procedures. Ensure you are drinking satisfactory water to keep urine diluted. This can be confirmed if the urine is clear or has a light-yellow hue. Keep away from food varieties or refreshments with a high acid or caffeine content, as that can disturb the bladder lining. These include grapefruits, oranges, tomatoes, coffee, and caffeine-containing sodas. Likewise, attempt Kegel exercises to reinforce your pelvic floor muscles and diminish incontinence episodes<a href="#accordion">[7].</a>&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<h5>5. Mood Changes</h5>

Discussing your mood swings with a healthcare professional can assist you with recognizing the reason, gauging the probability of depression, and settling on the most suitable mediation. For depression, treatment would be different as your doctor might prescribe drugs that alter the chemical imbalance associated with menopause. Normally, these medications take half a month to bring about any noticeable improvement. A few antidepressants have, likewise, been found to treat hot flashes.&nbsp;Antidepressants work best when combined with therapy or psychotherapy. 
&nbsp;

When you reach menopause, you might anxiously wait to transition to post-menopause. This is the period after menopause. However, that does not guarantee complete liberty from discomforting menopausal symptoms. 
&nbsp;

There is no conclusive timetable for when menopausal symptoms begin and end. Your experience generally depends on hereditary qualities. Figuring out how to adapt to your symptoms can bring you long stretches of solace as you progress to the next chapter of your life. 
&nbsp;

While there are no treatments to reverse menopause, an individual can make certain changes in their lifestyle to alleviate the persisting symptoms: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Stay hydrated and wear light clothes to avoid intense hot flashes. Also, keep away from spicy food and hot beverages.</li>
	<li>Try to include physical fitness and exercise into your routine to help with hot flashes and insomnia.</li>
	<li>Do not be fickle with your sleep routine. Adhere to a consistent cycle, even on weekends, to get uninterrupted sleep.</li>
	<li>Schedule an appointment with a counselor or therapist to address mood changes in a comfortable and safe environment.</li>
	<li>Engage yourself in social gatherings to increase serotonin.</li>
	<li>Try Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic bone muscles and reduce the recurrence of urinary incontinence.</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

[1].Mayo Clinic. (2022). Menopause.

[2].Welt, C. (2020, September 8). Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of spontaneous primary ovarian insufficiency (premature ovarian failure).

[3].Santen, R. J., Loprinzi, C. L., & Casper, R. F. (2020, Feburary 18). Menopausal hot flashes.

[4].Chen, M. N., Lin, C. C., & Liu, C. F. (2014). Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Climacteric, Vol 18(2), 260-269.

[5].Mudd, L., & Shurtleff, D. (2017, May). Menopausal Symptoms: In Depth. Retrieved from National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/menopausal-symptoms-in-depth#hed3

[6].NHS. (2022, May 7). Menopause. Retrieved from NHS

[7].NAMS. (2022). Five Solutions for Menopause Symptoms. Retrieved from The North American Menopause Society:

This article or video has been recorded by a subject / domain specialists with a proven track record of excellence in their area. 

To Bleed Or Not To Bleed?

Society, culture, and religion have fixed certain roles for each gender. For women, it is traditionally the role of the mother, the nurturer, and the caretaker. For centuries, they have prioritized family life. Whether they have been asked to, whether there was no other option available, whether out of choice; the thing is many women have come to put others&rsquo; needs above their own. They become givers and, in the process, forget they are also entitled to love and care.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Moreover, in South Asian communities, women are often restricted in mobility. As a result, they have limited healthcare access, are subjected to male violence, and do not hold the power to make decisions for themselves or their families<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. This further devalues their role in terms of how they perceive themselves as well as how society perceives them.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

When even their basic needs are not met, women stop paying attention to common and major healthcare concerns. Thus, they are less likely to seek care, especially when it concerns reproductive health. Of course, the existence of cultural taboos does not help this situation; they&rsquo;ve just internalized this lack of confidence along with a poor sense of worth.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Understanding Post Menopausal Bleeding

Although menstruation is a natural biological process, in low- and middle-income countries, there are several stigmas surrounding the physiological phenomenon<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

The lack of knowledge regarding female reproductive health and the spread of incorrect information means many women are unaware of when to seek help. A cross-sectional survey conducted at a government hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, found that more than 90% of women had heard of menopause<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. However, only 30% knew about the symptoms<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

A lack of awareness of <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/menopause">menopause symptoms</a> means many women are also unaware of what&rsquo;s normal and what&rsquo;s not. Therefore, they often disregard symptoms such as postmenopausal bleeding.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

But is postmenopausal bleeding a cause for concern? Should you be booking a visit to the gynecologist?&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<h5>Menopause&nbsp;</h5>

Menopause is defined as the cessation of menstrual cycles for a period of 12 consecutive months. Postmenopause is the period following menopause. The average age of menopause is 51 years<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>, whereas in Pakistan, the mean age of menopause for women is 49.3 years<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

The common symptoms of menopause include:

<ul>
	<li>Mood changes</li>
	<li>Hot flashes</li>
	<li>Hair loss</li>
	<li>Vaginal dryness</li>
	<li>Insomnia</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

Often, these symptoms linger into the postmenopause period.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

IMPORTANT: One thing that&rsquo;s not a normal side effect of menopause, and should be a cause for concern, is the presence of vaginal bleeding.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<h5>Postmenopausal Bleeding</h5>

Postmenopausal bleeding is defined as vaginal bleeding after a year or more of cessation of menstruation. Approximately 4-11% of postmenopausal women report vaginal bleeding<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>. And about 1-14% of postmenopausal bleeding is secondary to endometrial cancer<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Although vaginal atrophy is the most common cause of postmenopausal bleeding, 90% of postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer have vaginal bleeding as the presenting sign<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>. Therefore, there is a need for raising awareness about postmenopausal bleeding and its possible causes.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

After menopause, there is a drop in estrogen levels in the body. The tissues lining the vagina and endometrium begin to undergo atrophy. Micro-erosions along with chronic inflammation develop on the epithelial surface. This inflamed endometrium is then prone to slight bleeding.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Other causes of postmenopausal bleeding include:

<ul>
	<li>Endometrial Or Uterine Cancer:&nbsp;Endometrial cancer could result in a thickening of the uterus lining. It causes the lining to shed and result in vaginal bleeding.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Polyps:&nbsp;These result from an overgrowth of the endometrium and could appear in the uterus or cervix. They&rsquo;re not cancerous but likely to result in spotting or heavy bleeding.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Fibroids:&nbsp;Also called leiomyomas, fibroids are noncancerous growth of muscle and tissue that form from the uterine walls. While small fibroids are typically asymptomatic, larger ones could cause vaginal bleeding.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Endometrial Hyperplasia:&nbsp;Low progesterone levels and too much estrogen result in endometrial thickening. The thickened endometrium is at risk of bleeding and also able to transform into cancer.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs):&nbsp;Vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse might be a result of STDs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Medications:&nbsp;The use of certain drugs is associated with vaginal bleeding as a side effect. These include tamoxifen, blood thinners, or hormone replacement therapy.</li>
	<li>Pelvic Trauma:&nbsp;Injury to the vagina also causes bleeding.</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

A cross-sectional study conducted in Mardan, Pakistan, determined the patterns of bleeding and endometrial biopsy in women presenting with postmenopausal bleeding. As per the results, 26% of the patients had atrophic endometrium while 23% had endometrial carcinoma<a href="#accordion">[7]</a>, thus, proving the need for a proper assessment of postmenopausal bleeding in women.

&nbsp;

Another cross-sectional study was conducted among postmenopausal women in Sahiwal, Pakistan. Half of the women were obese, which established obesity as a risk factor for postmenopausal bleeding<a href="#accordion">[8]</a>. Moreover, the incidence of endometrial carcinoma was 7% among women<a href="#accordion">[8]</a>. The study points to the need for endometrial cancer screening programs, especially among menopausal women complaining of vaginal bleeding.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Regardless of the reason, postmenopausal bleeding is a cause for concern. Therefore, if you notice spotting or vaginal bleeding post-menopause, book an appointment with the obstetrician-gynecologist. Early diagnosis would improve prognosis for the patient, and their overall quality of life.&nbsp;

<ul><li>Postmenopausal bleeding is defined as vaginal bleeding that occurs 12 months after the cessation of the menstrual cycle.&nbsp;</li><li>Vaginal or endometrial atrophy is the most common cause of postmenopausal bleeding. However, 90% of postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer have vaginal bleeding as the presenting sign.</li><li>Other common causes of postmenopausal bleeding include polyps, fibroids, endometrial hyperplasia, medications, and sexually transmitted diseases.&nbsp;</li><li>All cases of postmenopausal bleeding require immediate consultation with the obstetrician-gynecologist. A delay in diagnosis could have a poor outcome for the patient.&nbsp;</li></ul>

[1] Fikree, F. F., & Pasha, O. (2004). Role of gender in health disparity: the South Asian context. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 328(7443), 823–826.

[2] Arshad Ali S, Baloch M, Riaz L, et al. (August 20, 2020) Perceptions, Practices, and Challenges Regarding Menstrual Hygiene Among Women in Karachi, Pakistan: A Comparison Between General Population and Healthcare Workers. Cureus 12(8): e9894. doi:10.7759/cureus.9894

[3] Karim, F., Ghazi, A., Ali, T., Jabbar, S., Naz, S., & Aslam, R. (2013). Women’s Perception Towards Menopause. Journal of Surgery Pakistan (International), 18(3).

[4] Sung S, Abramovitz A. Postmenopausal Bleeding. [Updated 2022 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.

[5] Jadoon AK, Sohail F, Qabulio SN, et al. Perception and Awareness of Menopause among Premenopausal Women of Different Socioeconomic Backgrounds. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2019;7(1):8–13.

[6] ACOG Committee Opinion No. 734: The Role of Transvaginal Ultrasonography in Evaluating the Endometrium of Women With Postmenopausal Bleeding. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 May;131(5):e124-e129.

[7] Jadoon S, et al. Postmenopausal Bleeding - A Strong Indicator of Endometrial Carcinoma. Pak Armed Forces Med J 2019; 69 (2): 368-72

[8] Perveen, S., Azhar, M. S., Shah, F., Mahmood, F., & Mahmood, U. (2022). Association of postmenopausal bleeding with endometrial carcinoma. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 16(3), 103–105.

Back Pain And Sleep Problems - What’s The Connection?

Back pain and sleep problems can be a vicious cycle. However, there are ways to alleviate both issues and promote better overall health.

&nbsp;

Understanding the link between Back Pain and Sleep Issues

Back pain and sleep problems are two of the most common health issues that affect millions of people worldwide.

In particular, low back pain, which is considered a primary cause of disability worldwide, is a widespread condition and it affects individuals of all ages<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. Based on the 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study, the global prevalence of activity-limiting low back pain was 7.3%, which means approximately 540 million individuals were affected at any given time<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>.

Low back pain is more likely to occur in individuals who have certain lifestyle habits, such as engaging in physically demanding occupations, smoking, and having low levels of physical activity.

Back pain and sleep issues are often interconnected, with one affecting the other. When a person suffers from back pain, it can be challenging to get a good night&#39;s sleep. The lack of sleep can then exacerbate the pain, leading to a vicious cycle of pain and sleeplessness. Lack of sleep can also affect mood and energy levels, making it harder to cope with pain. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Understanding Back Pain</h5>

Back pain is a common problem that can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, poor posture, and aging. The pain can range from mild discomfort to severe. Moreover, it can be localized or radiating to other areas of the body.

Some common symptoms of back pain include stiffness, muscle spasms, and difficulty moving or standing.

A study conducted on 9,611 participants using cross-sectional methodology has shown that inadequate sleep duration and poor sleep quality are linked to low back pain<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Understanding Sleep Problems</h5>

Sleep problems can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, anxiety, depression, and physical pain.

When a person experiences back pain, falling asleep and staying asleep can be difficult. Certain sleep disorders like sleep apnea can also cause back pain due to abnormal sleeping positions. 
&nbsp;

Fortunately, several strategies can improve both back pain and sleep problems. Here are some tips: 
&nbsp;

<ol>
	<li>
	<h5>Exercise</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Regular exercise, especially low-impact activities, like walking, swimming, or yoga, can help strengthen the muscles supporting the spine and improve overall fitness. This can help reduce back pain and improve sleep quality. 
&nbsp;

<ol start="2">
	<li>
	<h5>Improve The Sleep Environment</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Make sure the mattress, pillows, and bedding are comfortable and supportive. Keep the bedroom dark, quiet, and cool, and limit screen exposure before bedtime. Here are some additional tips for better sleep patterns with back aches. 
&nbsp;

Choosing The Right Mattress And Pillow

<ul>
	<li>Use a supportive mattress</li>
	<li>Use a cervical or ergonomic pillow to support and align the neck and spine 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Sleep Position

<ul>
	<li>Avoid sleeping on the stomach</li>
	<li>Place a pillow between the knees when sleeping on the side</li>
	<li>Use a pillow to support the spine when sleeping on the back 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Practice Good Sleep Hygiene

<ul>
	<li>Develop a consistent sleep routine, i.e., going to bed and waking up at approximately the same time every day.</li>
	<li>Avoid caffeine and nicotine in the hours leading up to bedtime</li>
	<li>Avoid large meals close to bedtime 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ol start="3">
	<li>
	<h5>Try Relaxation Techniques</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Meditation, deep breathing, or progressive muscle relaxation can help reduce stress and promote relaxation, which can help improve sleep quality and reduce back pain. 
&nbsp;

<ol start="4">
	<li>
	<h5>Consider Physical Therapy</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

A physical therapist can help develop an exercise program tailored to the individual needs of the person to help reduce pain and improve flexibility. 
&nbsp;

<ol start="5">
	<li>
	<h5>Consider Alternative Therapies</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Acupuncture, chiropractic care, or massage therapy may also help reduce back pain and improve sleep quality. However, it&rsquo;s important to consult a healthcare professional before trying any alternative therapies. 
&nbsp;

<ol start="6">
	<li>
	<h5>Manage Stress</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Stress can exacerbate back pain and disrupt sleep, so find ways to manage stress. This includes scheduling a specific time of the day to worry about everything going on in life.

Another technique is to form a habit of journaling. Writing down worries, especially anything that triggers anxiety before sleep, helps them get out in the open so that it can be addressed.

Moreover, a to-do list for the following day can help instill a sense of achievement as well as deal with all the worries before bedtime. 
&nbsp;

Back pain and sleep problems are two of the most common health issues that affect people worldwide. These issues are often interconnected, with one affecting the other. Practicing good sleep hygiene, using proper sleeping positions, engaging in regular exercise, stretching before bed, and seeking professional help can improve both back pain and sleep problems. Remember, caring for the body is essential for a healthy and fulfilling life. 
&nbsp;

Key Takeaways

<ul>
	<li>Back pain can make it difficult to get comfortable in bed, leading to sleep problems.</li>
	<li>Poor sleep can worsen back pain by causing muscle tension and reducing the body&#39;s ability to heal and repair itself.</li>
	<li>Common causes of back pain and sleep problems include poor sleeping posture, an uncomfortable mattress, a sedentary lifestyle, stress, and medical conditions.</li>
	<li>To improve sleep and reduce back pain, it&#39;s important to prioritize healthy sleep habits and address any underlying issues.</li>
</ul>

[1] Murase K, Tabara Y, Ito H, et al. Knee Pain and Low Back Pain Additively Disturb Sleep in the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Nagahama Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140058. Published 2015 Oct 7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140058.

[2] Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. The Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1545-1602. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31678-6.

[3] Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. The Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2356-2367. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30480-x.

Neelam Asad

تعارف

حیض کی شروعات یاپہلی ماہواری ، تمام لڑکیوں میں ایک معمول کی بات ہے۔ یہ ایک اہم&nbsp; عمل ہے کیونکہ یہ جسمانی اور سماجی نمو کا مظہر ہے۔ماہواری میں"بچہ دانی سے خون کا مقررہ وقفہ سے اخراج ہوتا" ہے۔ یہ ایک ماہانہ مرحلے کے طور پر واقع ہو سکتا ہے یا نہیں ہوسکتا اور یہ خواتین کی پوری فعال تولیدی زندگی تک جاری رہتا ہے1۔ماہواری سے نمٹنابہت مشکل ہو سکتا ہے، قطع نظر اس کے کہ آپ کو یہ کتنے عرصے سے آرہی&nbsp; ہے۔ لیکن یہ خاص طور پر پہلی بار مشکل ہوتی ہے جب آپ اس کے لیے بالکل تیار نہیں ہوتیں۔اس مضمون میں آپ کو وہ سب آگہی ملے گی، جو آپ ماہواری کے بارے میں&nbsp; درکار ہیں -یعنی سینٹری پیدز اور ٹیمپون سمیت ،ماہواری کی موزوں مصنوعات کی تلاش&nbsp; سے لے کر درد کا انتظام کرنے اور داغدار کپڑوں کومحفوظ انداز سے ٹھکانے لگانے تک۔

بلوغت، ماہواری کی بنیادی وجہ ہے۔ یہ وہ مرحلہ ہے ،جب لڑکی کا جسم عمل تولید کے قابل ہو جاتا ہے۔ ماہواری کے آغاز کی وجہ سے خواتین کے جسم میں ایسٹروجن (فیمیل ہارمون) کی سطح بڑھ جاتی ہے، جو اینڈومیٹریئم یا بچہ دانی کی اندرونی استر کو گاڑھا کرنے میں اہم کردار ادا کرتا ہے۔اینڈومیٹریئم استر کا بنیادی مقصد حمل کے دوران فرٹیلائزڈ بیضہ کی مدد کرنا ہے۔ اگر مردانہ نطفہ ،بیضہ (انڈے) کو فرٹیلائزنہیں کرتا تو، آپ کے جسم کے قدرتی طریقہ کار سے موٹی ہوئی پرت ٹوٹ جاتی ہے اور ماہواری کی صورت میں آپ کے رحم سے خارج ہوجاتی ہے۔ مجھے پہلی ماہواری کب آئے گی؟ لڑکیاں جب بلوغت کی عمر کو پہنچتی ہیں ،تو 12 سے 13 سال کی عمر کے درمیان حیض آنا شروع ہو جاتا ہے2۔ عام طور پر آپ کے چھاتیوں کی نشوونما کے 2 سال بعد حیض آتا ہے۔ اس کی کیا علامات سامنے آئیں گی؟ کچھ لڑکیوں کو کوئی علامات نہیں ہوں گی۔ ان کے ماہواری اچانک اور بغیر کسی علامت کے شروع ہو جاتی ہے۔ دیگر لڑکیاں اپنی ماہواری سے پہلے کے دنوں میں کچھ علامات کا تجربہ کرتی ہیں، جوپری مینسٹرول سنڈروم (PMS) کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔پی ایم ایس کی علامات میں یہ شامل ہیں:<ul><li>&nbsp;جلد کے مسائل</li><li>پیٹ کا پھولنا اور درد</li><li>چھاتی میں درد</li><li>کمر کے نچلے حصے میں درد</li><li>قبض</li><li>اسہال</li><li>تھکاوٹ</li><li>مزاج میں تبدیلی، حساسیت یا چڑچڑا پن</li><li>&nbsp;کھانے کی خواہش، خاص طور پر میٹھا</li><li>اندام نہانی سے بےرنگ یا سفید مادے کا اخراج </li></ul>آپ کی ماہواری شروع ہونے پر کسی مشکل سے بچنے کے لیے، آپ کو اس عمر کو پہنچتے ہی اور اپنے جسم میں تبدیلی محسوس کرنے پراپنے بیگ میں ایک "ماہواری کٹ" رکھنی شروع کر دینی چاہیے ۔ اس کٹ میں یہ شامل ہونے چاہئیں:<ul><li>صاف زیرجامہ کا ایک جوڑا</li><li>سینیٹری پیڈ، ماہواری کا کپ، یا ٹیمپون</li><li>کلیننگ وائپس</li><li>غیرنسخہ جاتی درد کش ادویات، جیسے آئیبوپروفن </li></ul>آپ کو اپنی پہلی ماہواری پر کیا کرنا چاہیے؟ اگر آپ کی ماہواری شروع ہوگئی ہے اور آپ کے پاس خون سے نمٹنے کے لیے کچھ نہیں، تو گھبرانے کی ضرورت نہیں۔ جب تک کہ آپ کو ایک اچھا سینٹری پیڈ یا ٹیمپون نہیں مل جاتا، آپ ٹوائلٹ پیپر سے ایک عارضی پیڈ بنا سکتی ہیں۔&nbsp; ایک مختصر رہنمائی:1. ٹوائلٹ پیپر کےایک لمبے ٹکڑے (کم از کم 10 مربع) کی تہوں کو ایک دوسرے پر لپیٹ لیں۔2۔ اب اسے اپنےزیرجامہ میں رکھیں جہاں پیڈ رکھا جاتا ہے،یعنی&nbsp; — آپ کے زیر جامہ کے مرکزی حصے کے نیچے، آپ کی ٹانگوں کے درمیانی کپڑے کے&nbsp; ساتھ (جسے گسٹ کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے)۔3. پیڈ اور اپنے زیر جامہ کو دوبارہ لپیٹنے کے لیے ،ایک دوسرا ٹوائلٹ پیپر استعمال کریں۔ اس سے ٹشو کو اپنی جگہ پر رہے گا۔4. ٹشو کے سرے کو ،پیڈ کی اوپری سائید میں ارس دیں۔ اب آپ کا یہ ایک عارضی پیڈ تیارہے، جسے آپ آسانی سے استعمال کر سکتی ہیں۔اگر آپ اپنے اسکول میں ہیں، تو آپ اپنے استانی/اسکول آیہ/سہیلیوں سے ایک ایکسٹراپیڈ مانگ سکتی ہیں۔ اس میں شرمندہ ہونے کی&nbsp;کوئی بات نہیں ہوتی۔

پہلی ماہواری سے نمٹنے کے طریقوں کی وضاحت

آپ کی پہلی ماہواری کچھ دنوں تک جاری رہے گی۔ آپ کی ماہواری کو باقاعدہ اور مستقل ہونے میں کچھ وقت لگتا ہے۔ عام طور پر، ماہواری 2-7 دن کے درمیان رہتی ہے جب وہ باقاعدہ ہو جاتی ہے۔ آپ کے جسم سے کتنا خون ضائع ہو گا؟ ابتدائی چند ماہواریاں، آپ کی زندگی میں بعد کی ماہواریوں کے مقابلے میں عام طور پر ہلکے سمجھی جاتی ہیں اورجن سے پورے ہفتے میں&nbsp;سرخ بھورے خون کے صرف چند دھبے آسکتے ہیں۔ہارمونز کے باقاعدہ ہونے کے بعد، آپ کی ماہواری سائیکل ایک شیڈول پر چلےگی ،جو زیادہ متوقع ہو گا۔ تاہم، ابتدائی چند مہینوں میں زیادہ اخراج کا سامنا ہوسکتاہے ،تاہم خون کازیادہ اخراج ہمیشہ کوئی مسئلہ نہیں ہوتا ہے۔ لیکن اگر آپ کو شبہ ہے کہ بہت زیادہ خون بہہ رہا ہے، تو آپ کو اپنے والدین کو مطلع کرنے یا اسکول نرس/استانی سے مشورہ کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔درج ذیل صورتوں میں، آپ کسی ایسے بالغ کو بھی بتا سکتے ہیں جس پر آپ اعتماد کرتی ہوں:<ul><li>سینیٹری نیپکن اور ٹیمپون کو ہر کچھ گھنٹے بعد تبدیل کرنا پڑ رہا ہو۔</li><li>&nbsp;چکر آنا</li><li>غنودگی</li><li>دل کی دھڑکن محسوس کرنا</li><li>ماہواری جو 7 دن سے زیادہ رہے</li></ul>اپنی علامات پر بات کرنے کے لیے، آپ کو اپنے سرپرست کے ذریعے گائناکولوجسٹ کے پاس جانے کی ضرورت پڑسکتی ہے۔ ڈاکٹر آپ کی علامات میں مدد کے لیے کچھ دوائیں بھی لکھ سکتی ہے۔

مضمون کے اس حصے میں، ماہواری کی کئی مصنوعات کا بتایا گیا ہے۔ آپ کے پروڈکٹ کا انتخاب مختلف عوامل پر منحصر ہوسکتا ہے جیسے اخراج، درد، سہولت وغیرہ۔ یہ ذہن میں رکھنا ضروری ہے کہ ترجیحی آپشن&nbsp; فرد کے&nbsp; حساب سے مختلف ہوسکتا ہے۔ ماہواری کا زیر جامہ/ پیرئیڈ انڈروئیرپیریڈ انڈرویئر کا تصور بالکل حالیہ ہے۔ اس میں اور روایتی زیرجامہ میں صرف یہ فرق ہے ،کہ یہ ایک منفرد کپڑے سے بنا ہے&nbsp;جو ماہواری کے خون کو جذب کرتا ہے اور اسے کپڑے کے اندر رکھتا ہے۔پیریڈ انڈرویئر تمام لڑکیوں اور خواتین کی ضروریات کو پورا کرتا ہے، یعنی اس میں خون جذب کرنے کی مختلف سطحیں ہوتی ہیں۔ اگر آپ کا پہلا پیریڈ ہلکا ہے، تو آپ ان پر مکمل انحصار کر سکتی ہیں۔ لیکن، اگر آپ کو لگتا ہے کہ بہت زیادہ اخراج ہے، تو پیریڈ انڈرویئر ایک بہترین بیک اپ ہے۔ یہ حادثاتی لیکیج کو روکنے میں کافی مددگار ہے۔یہ بہت سے برانڈزمیں دستیاب ہیں، لیکن وہ سب اسی طرح کام کرتے ہیں ۔آپ اپنی ضرورت اور سہولت کے مطابق ایک کا انتخاب کریں۔ سینیٹری نیپکن اور پینٹی لائنرزجاذب مواد کے مستطیل ٹکڑے جو آپ اپنے زیر جامہ کے اندر چپک سکتے ہیں، انہیں سینیٹری نیپکن کہتے ہیں۔ ہر پیڈ کے نیچے کی طرف ایک چپک پٹی ہوتی ہے، جس سے پیڈ آپ کے زیر جامہ سے جڑا رہتا ہے۔ کچھ پیڈز میں سائیڈوں پر "ونگز" شامل ہو سکتے ہیں ،جنہیں آپ اپنے زیر جامہ کے کناروں تک کھینچ سکتی ہیں۔ یہ پیڈز کو جگہ پر رکھنے میں مدد کرتے ہیں اور لیکیج کو بھی روکتے ہیں۔پیڈز کے کئی مختلف سائز ہیں۔ ہر سائز کو خاص طور پر، خون کے اخراج کے مختلف درجوں کو ایڈجسٹ کرنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا ہے۔&nbsp; ایک پیڈکی انجذابی صلاحیت اس کے سائز کے لحاظ سے مختلف ہوتی ہے اور یہ عام طور پر باکس/پیک پر لکھی ہوتی ہے۔آپ غالباً ایک ماہواری کے اندر مختلف سائز کے پیڈ زاستعمال کریں گی، مثال کے طور پر ماہواری کے آغاز میں، آپ کو زیادہ جاذب پیڈز کی ضرورت ہوگی کیونکہ اخراج زیادہ ہوتا ہے۔جبکہ ماہواری کے آخر میں کم اخراج کی وجہ سے، ایک ہلکا جذب کرنے والا پیڈ کافی ہو گا۔&nbsp;&nbsp;ٹیمپون کے مقابلے میں زیادہ تر خواتین رات کو پیڈ استعمال کرنے کو ترجیح دیتی ہیں، کیونکہ اسے تبدیل کرنا آسان ہے اور اسے رات بھر چھوڑ دیا جائے تو بھی صحت سے متعلق کوئی مسئلہ نہیں ہوگا۔اپنی ماہواری کے آغاز میں آپ کو کچھ دھبے نظر آئیں گے۔ دھبوں کی وجہ سے اپنے زیر جامہ کو داغدار ہونے سے روکنے کے لیے، آپ پینٹی لائنرز استعمال کر سکتی ہیں۔ یہ زیادہ پتلے اور&nbsp; با سہولت ہیں۔ یہ آپ کی ماہواری کے اختتام پر بھی استعمال کیے جا سکتے ہیں، جب آپ کااخراج وقفے سےہو سکتا ہے۔ ٹیمپون/پھاہاٹیمپون حیض کی مصنوعات ہیں، جو ٹیوب کی شکل کی اور انجذابی ہوتی ہیں۔ اسے اندام نہانی کے اندر رکھا جاتا ہے تاکہ حیض کا خون آپ کے زیر جامہ تک پہنچنے سے پہلے اس میں جذب ہو سکے۔گتے یا پلاسٹک سے بنی ایپلی کیٹر ٹیوبیں اکثر ٹیمپون کے ساتھ فروخت ہوتی ہیں۔ یہ ٹیوبیں آپ کی اندام نہانی میں ٹیمپون داخل کرنے میں معاون ہوتی ہیں۔ ہر ٹیمپون کے ایک سرے پر ایک فیتہ ہوتا ہے تاکہ آپ اسے آسانی سے نکال سکیں۔ٹیمپون مختلف سائز اور انجذابی سطحوں میں دستیاب ہیں۔ خوشبو والے ٹیمپون سے ہوشیار رہیں، کیونکہ، آپ کی اندام نہانی میں اس سے جلن ہوسکتی ہے۔جب ٹیمپون استعمال کرنا ہو، تو اسے احتیاط سے اپنی اندام نہانی کی نالی کے اندر دبائیں، جب تک کہ صرف فیتہ سامنے نہ رہ جائے۔ اگر آپ کے ٹیمپون میں ایپلی کیٹر ہے تو اسے ٹیوب سےآہستہ سے باہر نکالیں۔ آپ کو ٹیمپون کو اپنی اندام نہانی میں رہنے دینا چاہئے، تاکہ یہ خون کو جذب کر لے۔جب اسے&nbsp; باہر نکالنے کا وقت ہو، توصرف اس وقت تک فیتے کو کھینچیں جب تک کہ ٹیمپون باہر نہ آجائے۔براہ کرم ہر 4 سے 6 گھنٹے میں ٹیمپون تبدیل کرنا یقینی بنائیں، لیکن 8 گھنٹے سے زیادہ نہیں لگا رہنے دیں۔ اس سے انفیکشن اور جلن کا خطرہ بڑھ جاتا ہے۔اس سے ٹاکسک شاک سنڈروم (TSS) ہونے کا خطرہ بھی ہے، اگرچہ یہ کمیاب ہے ،لیکن افسوس سے احتیاط ہمیشہ بہتر ہے۔ ماہواری کے کپاگر آپ کو پیڈ یا ٹیمپون استعمال کرنے میں مسئلہ ہے، تو دوسرا آپشن ماہواری کپ ہے۔ یہ کپ اندام نہانی میں داخل کیے جاتے ہیں ٹیمپون کی طرح، جہاں وہ&nbsp; خون جمع کرتے ہیں۔کپس عام طور پر دو سائز&nbsp; میں آتے ہیں - چھوٹے یا بڑے -جو عام طور پر خواتین کی عمر اور ڈیلیوری کے پچھلے تجربے، ان کے ماہواری کے اخراج، اور سرویکس کی اونچائی پر منحصر ہوتے ہیں۔چھوٹا سائیز شایدآپ کے لئے زیادہ باسہولت اور استعمال میں آسان ہوگا۔ آپ کو اس کے استعمال کا طریقہ ساتھ ملنا چاہئے، لیکن آپ&nbsp; اس کی رہنمائی بھی حاصل کر سکتی ہیں۔پیڈ یا ٹیمپون کے مقابلےان کپس کا ایک بڑا فائدہ یہ ہے کہ انہیں بار بار دھویا اور استعمال کیا جا سکتا ہے۔ یعنی اسے تبدیل کرنے کا وقت آنے پر آپ کو صرف اسے کو نکالنے، صاف کرنے اور دوبارہ رکھنے کی ضرورت ہوگی۔&nbsp;مناسب دیکھ بھال&nbsp; کے ساتھ، دوبارہ استعمال کے قابل کپ کی عمر 6 ماہ سے لے کر 10 سال تک ہوتی ہے ،جواس کے برانڈ&nbsp; کی قسم پر منحصر ہے۔ دوسرے لفظوں میں ماہواری کے کپ نہ صرف محفوظ اور موثر ہیں، بلکہ یہ آپ کے پیسے بھی بچاتے ہیں اور ماحول دوست ہیں۔

&nbsp;ہمیشہ ایسا نہیں ہوتا! اس سے پہلے کہ ہم تفصیلات میں جائیں، جان لیں کہ یہ کسی کے ساتھ بھی ہو سکتا ہے۔&nbsp;اپنی ماہواری کی ابتداءمیں، آپ&nbsp; سیکھ رہی ہوتی ہیں کہ آپ کے جسم سے کتنا خون بہے گا، آپ کا سینٹری پیڈکتنی مقدار جذب کر سکتاہے، اور کب&nbsp;اخراج سب سے زیادہ ہوتا ہے۔اگر ممکن ہے تو اپنے بیگ میں کچھ صفائی کے کپڑے رکھیں۔ وہ داغ کو ہٹانے میں آپ کی مدد کر سکتے ہیں، جب تک کہ آپ کپڑے کو&nbsp;اچھی طرح دھو نہ لیں۔ایک عارضی حل کے طور پر، آپ داغ کو چھپانے کے لیے اپنی کمر کے گرد جیکٹ باندھ سکتی ہیں۔جب آپ گھر پہنچیں، تو داغ کو ہٹانے کے لیے یہ طریقہ آزمائیں:1۔جلد سے جلد داغ لگے کپڑے کو ٹھنڈے پانی میں بھگو دیں۔ گرم پانی کا استعمال نہ کریں کیونکہ اس سے وہ سخت ہو جائے گا اور نکالنا ناممکن&nbsp;ہو جائے گا۔2۔اگر داغ ہٹانے والا اسپرےدستیاب ہو تواستعمال کریں ۔ متاثرہ حصے کو اچھی طرح بھگو دیں،&nbsp; جتنا ٹائم اس کے لیبل پر درج ہو۔3۔اگر آپ کے پاس&nbsp; داغ ہٹانے والا اسپرےنہیں ہے ، تو آپ داغ سے متاثرہ حصے کو صابن یا واش لکوئیڈ سے دھو سکتی ہیں۔4۔اسے دھوئیں اور اس وقت تک یہ عمل دہرائیں جب تک کہ داغ صاف نہ ہوجائے۔5۔اپنی پینٹس کو واشنگ مشین میں دھو لیں، اگر داغ مکمل طور پر نہیں ہٹا ہے۔ مگرگرم پانی کے بجائے ٹھنڈا پانی استعمال کریں۔6۔دھوئے ہوئے کپڑے کو ہوا میں خشک کریں ،کیونکہ ڈرائر کی حرارت مستقل طور پر داغ لگانے کی صلاحیت رکھتی ہے۔ کیا دوسرے لوگ بتا سکتے ہیں ،کہ میں اپنی ماہواری پر ہوں؟بالکل بھی نہیں! اس کے دوران آپ کا کوئی الگ انداز یا بو نہیں ہوتی۔ کسی کو خون کی بو صرف اس صورت میں آسکتی ہے ،جب آپ اپنے پیڈ یا پیریڈ انڈرویئر کو مقررہ سے زیادہ دیر تک لگاکے رکھتی ہیں۔آپ کو خوشبو والی ماہواری کی مصنوعات کا استعمال نہیں کرنا چاہئے ،کیونکہ وہ آپ کے اندام نہانی کو بڑھا سکتی ہیں۔اگر آپ جسم کی بو سے پریشان ہیں، تو اپنے اندام نہانی کے حصے کو نیم گرم پانی سے دھو لیں۔ ایک اور بہترین متبادل ماہواری کے دوران، اپنے خفیہ حصوں کو صاف کرنے کے لیے بیبی وائپس کا استعمال ہے۔ کیا اس دوران میں تیراکی اور دیگر کھیلوں میں حصہ لے سکتی ہوں؟ماہواری کے دوران تیراکی اور دیگر جسمانی سرگرمیوں کی اجازت ہے۔ اس سے اینٹھن کو کم کرنے میں مدد مل سکتی ہے۔جب آپ تیرنا چاہیں تو، پانی میں لیکیج کو روکنے کے لیے ٹیمپون یا ماہواری کپ کا انتخاب کریں۔ زیادہ تر سرگرمیوں کے لیے،&nbsp;پیڈ یا پیریڈ انڈرویئر استعمال کیا جا سکتا ہے۔ میں اینٹھن کے لئےکیا کر سکتی ہوں؟اینٹھن بلا شبہ، غیر آرام دہ ہے۔ لیکن اس کے بارے میں اس طرح سوچیں: آپ کے جسم کو ماہواری کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے - اور اس وجہ سے بچہ دانی کی پرت کو ہٹانے کے لیے درد کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔بہتر محسوس کرنے کے لیے:<ul><li>آئبوپروفین جیسی بغیر نسخے والی درد کش ادویات کے استعمال کے لیے، لیبل ی پر دی گئی ہدایات یا ڈاکٹر کے مشورے پر عمل کریں۔</li><li>اپنی کمر کے نچلے حصے یا پیٹ کی سکائی کے لئے، ہیٹنگ پیڈ یا ہیٹنگ ریپ رکھیں۔</li><li>گرم غسل کریں۔ </li></ul>کسی بڑے سے بات کریں اگر آپ کا درد بڑھ رہا ہے یا آپ بیمار محسوس کررہی ہیں اور بستر سے اٹھنے یا معمول کی سرگرمیاں کرنے سے قاصر ہیں۔&nbsp;بعض صورتوں میں تکلیف دہ اینٹھن، اینڈومیٹرائیوسس جیسی بنیادی بیماری کی نشاندہی کر سکتی ہے، اس لیے اسے نظر انداز نہ کریں یا اسے ہلکا نہ لیں اور گائناکولوجسٹ سے رجوع کریں۔ دیگر علامات جو مجھے ہو سکتی ہیں؟درد کے علاوہ، آپ کو درج ذیل علامات کا بھی سامنا ہو سکتا ہے:<ul><li>مہاسے</li><li>پیٹ کا پھولنا</li><li>چھاتی میں سوجن</li><li>کمر درد</li><li>قبض</li><li>اسہال</li><li>تھکاوٹ</li><li>حساسیت یا چڑچڑاپن محسوس ہونا</li><li>کھانے کی زیادہ خواہش </li></ul>ضروری نہیں کہ آپ کی ماہواری میں یہ تمام علامات موجود ہوں۔ وہ ہارمونل تبدیلیوں کی بنیاد پرہوتی ہیں یا ختم ہو جاتی ہیں۔ ماہواری کتنی بار ہوگی؟حیض، بنیادی طور پر ماہواری سائیکل کا ایک حصہ ہے۔ یعنی کہ آپ کی ماہواری وقت کے ساتھ زیادہ&nbsp;باقاعدہ صورت اختیار کرے گی۔عام طور پر ماہواری سائیکل 28 دن تک رہتی ہے۔ لیکن یہ تقریباً 21-45 دن بھی ہو سکتی ہے، جو کہ عام ہے۔آپ کی پہلی ماہواری کے بعد تقریباً 6 سال تک، ہو سکتا ہےکہ حیض مستقل طور پر شروع نہ ہو۔ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ آپ کے جسم کو اپنے&nbsp;تولیدی ہارمونز کے اخراج کو کنٹرول کرنے کا طریقہ سیکھنا ہے۔ میں کیسے پیش گوئی کرسکتی ہوں، کہ ماہواری کب آئے گا؟آپ کی ماہواری کو باقاعدہ صورت اختیار&nbsp; کرنے میں،&nbsp; چند سال لگیں گے۔ لیکن آپ اپنی علامات کا ٹریک رکھ سکتی ہیں، جو آپ کے حیض کے آنے تک انداز کو تلاش کرنے اور (ذہنی طور پر) تیار ہونے میں کارآمد ثابت ہوگا۔اس ریکارڈ کو نرس یا ڈاکٹر کے ساتھ، شدید درد پر بات کرنے کے لیے بھی استعمال کیا جا سکتا ہے۔اگر آپ نہیں چاہتی ہیں کہ لوگ یہ جانیں کہ آپ کیا ٹریک کر رہی ہیں ،تو آپ اپنی مدت کے آغاز اور اختتام کو ظاہر کرنے میں مدد کے لیے علامات یا کوڈ والے الفاظ استعمال کر سکتی ہیں۔ آپ اسے کاغذ پر یا فون میں&nbsp; رکھ سکتی ہیں۔ یا آپ کوئی ایپ ڈاؤن لوڈ کر سکتی ہیں۔ Fitbit، مثال کے طور پر، ٹریکنگ کا اختیار دیتی ہے۔ دوسری جیسے فلو پیریڈ اور اوولیشن ٹریکر، کلیو پیریڈ ٹریکر اینڈ کیلنڈر، اور ایو پیریڈ ٹریکر ایپ بھی کارآمد ہیں۔ کیا مجھے ہمیشہ کے لیے پیریڈز ہوں گے؟آپ کو اپنی پوری زندگی کے لیے حیض نہیں آئے گا، لیکن آپ کو یہ مینوپاز/سنیا س تک رہے گا۔ مینوپاز کے آغاز کا براہ راست تعلق ہارمونز کی سطح سے ہوتا ہے، جو آپ کے حیض کو متحرک کرتے ہیں /۔یعنی مینوپاز اس وقت ہوتا ہے جب یہ ہارمونز آپ کے جسم میں کم ہونا شروع ہوجاتے ہیں۔&nbsp;عام طور پر، مینوپاز 45 اور 55 سال کی عمر کے درمیان شروع ہوتا ہے۔ لیکن یہ صرف عمر کا عنصر نہیں ہے۔ تناؤ اور دیگر طبی حالات کی وجہ سے آپ کی ماہواری رک سکتی ہے / بے قاعدہ ہو سکتی ہے۔ اگر آپ کو ماہواری نہ ہو ،تو اپنے ڈاکٹر سے اس بارے میں بات کریں۔دریں اثنا، اگر آپ صحت کی وجوہات/سفر کے مقاصد کے لیے اپنی ماہواری کو روکنا چاہتی ہیں تو ہارمونل برتھ کنٹرول کا آپشن موجود ہے۔&nbsp;ایک بار پھر، اس کے بارے میں پہلے اپنے ڈاکٹر سے رابطہ کرنا بہتر ہے۔حمل کے دوران آپ کو کوئی ماہواری نہیں ہوگی۔ اگر آپ حمل کے دوران خون بہنے یا دھبوں کا سامنا کرتی ہیں تو، براہ کرم فوری طور پر&nbsp;اپنے ڈاکٹر سے مشورہ کریں۔ کیا میں حیض کے بعد حاملہ ہو سکتی ہوں؟مختصر جواب؟ جی ہاں۔ جب مردانہ تولیدی مادہ،&nbsp; اندام نہانی کے ساتھ رابطے میں آتا ہے تو حمل کا امکان ہوتا ہے۔ اگرچہ ماہواری کے آغاز کو زیادہ تر آپ کے تولیدی سالوں کا آغاز تصور کیاجاتا ہے، لیکن آپ کی ماہواری سے پہلے حاملہ ہونا ممکن ہے۔ہارمونز ہر چیز کا تعین کرتے ہیں۔ کچھ حالات میں، آپ کا جسم حیض شروع ہونے سے پہلے بیضہ آوری پیدا کرنے والے کیمیکلز خارج کر سکتا ہے۔حاملہ ہونا قابل فہم ہے، یہاں تک کہ اگر آپ اپنی ماہواری کے دوران جماع کریں۔بالآخر، یہ اس بات پر منحصر ہے کہ آپ اپنے ماہواری سائیکل میں&nbsp; &nbsp;کہاں ہیں۔ اگر آپ حمل کو روکنا چاہتی ہیں، تو آپ اپنے ڈاکٹر کے تجویز کردہ مانع حمل طریقوں میں سے کوئی بھی استعمال کر سکتی ہیں۔

کسی ذمہ دار بڑے سے بات کریں یا ڈاکٹر سے ملیں اگر: <ul><li>پندرہ سال کی عمر تک، آپ کی ماہواری شروع نہیں ہوئی ہو۔</li><li>آپ کی ماہواری شروع ہوئے تقریباً 2 سال ہو چکے ہیں اور وہ اب بھی بے قاعدہ ہے۔</li><li>آپ کی ماہواری کےوقفوں کے درمیان خون آتا ہو۔</li><li>آپ کو شدید درد ہو اور معمول کے کاموں کو انجام دینے سے قاصر ہوں۔</li><li>آپ کو ہر 1-2 گھنٹے بعد اپنا پیڈ یا ٹیمپون تبدیل کرنا پڑے، کیونکہ آپ کو شدید خون بہنے کا سامنا ہو۔</li><li>آپ کو 7 دن سے زیادہ ماہواری کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہو۔</li></ul>اس بات کو یقینی بنائیں کہ آپ نے اس بات کا ریکارڈ رکھا ہے ،کہ آپ کا آخری پیرئیڈ کب شروع ہوا اور کب ختم ہوا، کب بے قاعدہ خون بہنا شروع ہوا، یا آپ نے اپنے سائیکل کے دوران کسی دوسری علامت کا تجربہ کیا۔

خلاصہ

کم اور درمیانی آمدنی والے ممالک میں خواتین کو اکثر طبی معلومات تک رسائی حاصل نہیں ہوتی ہے، خاص طور پر ماہواری سے متعلق حفظان صحت کے مسائل کے حوالے سے۔ اسکولوں میں باضابطہ رہنمائی کا فقدان، حیض کی متبادل مصنوعات استعمال کرنے میں ثقافتی جھجھک، معاشی وسائل کی کمی، اور ناکافی پانی اور صفائی کا بنیادی ڈھانچہ نوجوان لڑکیوں کے لیے اس قدرتی عمل کو مشکل بنا دیتا ہے۔نتیجے کے طور پر، لڑکیوں کو قدرتی طور پر عزت دینے والاایک حیاتیاتی عمل ،شرمندگی اور مایوسی کا باعث بنتا ہے۔ اس طرح کی معاشرتی رسوائی اور عقائد بعد ازبلوغت لڑکیوں کو غیر صحت مندانہ رویوں میں ملوث ہونے پر مجبور کرتےہیں جس کے نتیجے میں مختلف بیماریاں ہوتی ہیں، بشمول تولیدی اور پیشاب کے نظام کی بیماریاں۔لہذا، اس مضمون کا مقصد نوجوان لڑکیوں کو ماہواری کی محفوظ صحت کے بارے میں آگہی دینے کے لیے ایک جامع رہنمائی فراہم کرنا ہے۔

اہم نکات

<ul><li>&nbsp;والدین یا سرپرست کے لیے یہ جاننا مشکل ہو سکتا ہے، کہ بچی کی پہلی ماہواری کے دوران اس کی مدد کیسے کی جائے۔</li><li>ہر عورت اپنی باقاعدہ سائیکل کے حصے کے طور پر ماہواری سے گزرتی ہے۔</li><li>سرپرست کو اسے حقائق پر رکھنا چاہیے۔ اپنی ماہواری کے ماضی کو، چاہے وہ مثبت ہو یا منفی، اس بات پر اثر انداز ہونے نہ دیں کہ آپ کیسے سوچتی&nbsp;ہیں اور آخر کار اس پر اثر انداز ہوتی ہیں کہ آپ کی بیٹی ماہواری کے بارے میں کیسا محسوس کرتی ہے۔</li><li>اس عمل میں آپ کی مدد کرنے کے لیے ،حیض سے متعلق مصنوعات کے مختلف اختیارات موجود ہیں۔</li><li>کچھ زیرجاموں، داغ ہٹانے والےاسپرے، اور ماہواری کی اشیاء کے ساتھ ایک ماہواری کٹ بنائیں ،جسے آپ آسانی سے لاکر یا بیگ میں رکھ سکیں۔</li></ul>