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Explore insights into the connection between PCOS and childhood obesity with Meri Sehat. Learn strategies for healthier lives.

Childhood Obesity And PCOS

Iqra Mazhar

This article or video has been recorded by a subject / domain specialists with a proven track record of excellence in their area. 

Could My Child Be Diabetic?

Introduction

<a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/diabetes-a-complete-overview">Diabetes</a> is one of the most common diseases on this planet. People all over the world suffer from it. However, the fact that a greater majority of its victims are adults means the prevalence of this disease in children often goes unnoticed. The reason for this negligence is that often many cases of diabetes in children go undiagnosed due to the lack of apparent symptoms. 
&nbsp;

Understanding Diabetes In Children

Diabetes, simply referred to as &lsquo;sugar&rsquo; in Pakistan, is an increase in blood glucose levels due to insulin-related problems. That is, the body is not producing enough insulin, or it could be that the body has completely stopped producing insulin<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.

How is the production of insulin related to high blood sugar levels? Think of it this way. After a person consumes carbohydrate-containing foods, their body breaks it down into glucose in the stomach, and eventually, the broken-down glucose is sent to the bloodstream for use by the body. Insulin is important because it&rsquo;s the only hormone responsible to break down glucose and allowing other cells of the body to consume it for energy.&nbsp;

When insulin does not function effectively, it may lead to diabetes. The problem is triggered when the production of insulin is hindered greatly to the extent it fails to target all the glucose in the body, or when the biochemical is not produced at all by the body. Either way, it leaves a higher concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.&nbsp;

A third possibility also exists &ndash; that is, the body does produce insulin, but the cells do not react to it in the way they should. This phenomenon is known as insulin resistance and it is commonly found in type 2 diabetes. The result is that the pancreas receives the message about the high blood sugar present in the body and the organ starts producing more insulin, overworking itself until it stops producing insulin altogether. 
&nbsp;

Type 2 diabetes is also known as adult-onset diabetes. Despite the name and its common prevalence in people of older ages, children suffer from this, too, and the numbers keep on increasing due to obesity and inactive lifestyle<a href="#accordion">[1][2]</a>. Especially when the person is overweight and has central obesity (lots of belly fat).

Children with diabetes type 2 mostly get diagnosed during their teens. Thus, it is believed to occur due to the hormonal changes that the body goes through during puberty. Every human is different and their bodies take their own sweet time to understand, accept, and adjust according to these changes. So, naturally, it will be confused in the case of insulin production, too.&nbsp;&nbsp;

With 1 in 4 adults, i.e., 26.7% of people in Pakistan having diabetes, it is safe to assume that the genetics of the country is filled with diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is around 11.77% in Pakistan<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. Simply by extension, it is believed that the instances of diabetes in children would be high too but, unfortunately, there is no robust evidence regarding the number of affected children in Pakistan. 
&nbsp;

Diabetes is a life-altering disease. It can turn out to be very limiting for people of younger age groups with symptoms like increased hunger and thirst, frequent infections, and fatigue.

Adult-onset diabetes is a lot easier to manage because the health and lifestyle changes are much easier to adapt to. On the contrary, the body of children at this age is still developing; consequently, they face multiple issues, including heart diseases, eye problems, and even potential nerve damage.&nbsp;

Unfortunately,&nbsp; these issues also progress faster in children with type 2 diabetes than in type 1, making it harder to control<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. Children are also known to deal with poor kidney function and bad eyesight.&nbsp;

All of this requires strict control of blood sugar levels, which becomes challenging, especially for parents when children don&rsquo;t cooperate. 
&nbsp;

Obesity is not the only condition related to diabetes. When a person is diagnosed with insulin resistance, they may have several other conditions as well. It is common to experience metabolic syndrome with early age type 2 diabetes. This is characterized by: <ul><li>Increased blood pressure</li><li>Low LDL (high-density lipoproteins)</li><li>High triglycerides</li><li>Increased blood sugar level</li><li>Large waist size </li></ul>

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes go hand-in-hand in girls and women. If a girl is exhibiting symptoms like irregular periods, weight gain, and excess body and facial hair, it&rsquo;s possible that she might have PCOS. Hormonal imbalance is the root cause of PCOS, hence, there is a greater probability that the body stops responding to insulin or produces inadequate amounts of it. And, vice-versa, if the child is diabetic, then they are more susceptible to PCOS than other girls their age<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>. 
&nbsp;

The most ideal approach to managing diabetes is to let the kid in on the action, i.e., make them aware of their condition, inform them how their choices will be different from other kids of their age, and the lifestyle changes they need to incorporate to lead a productive life. This is best done by taking one day at a time rather than unloading the information all at once and overwhelming the child.&nbsp;

Empower them from a young age by letting them make their own choices. For example, let them choose which finger to prick for checking blood sugar levels or decide where they feel comfortable taking their insulin shots. This can be slowly built up as they age. They can be trained into taking care of themselves. As teenagers, they can be taught about carb counting and different ways to maintain their dietary intake for optimum results<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>. 
&nbsp;

When it comes to risk factors of type 2 diabetes in children, they are not too different from those experienced by adults. Some of the common risk factors include:

<ul>
	<li>Obesity</li>
	<li>Age &ndash; Most young patients with diabetes type 2 are diagnosed during their early teens</li>
	<li>Activity &ndash; Sedentary lifestyle has been associated with increased insulin resistance</li>
	<li>Family history</li>
	<li>Mother with gestational diabetes</li>
	<li>Ethnicity &ndash; African American, Asian American and Latino are generally more at risk 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Key Points

<ul><li>Type 2 diabetes is getting very common day by day, especially in children, due to a sedentary lifestyle.</li><li>The best approach for type 2 diabetes in children is to allow them to take control of their bodies as well.</li><li>The key to managing it all is weight maintenance, physical activity, and dietary intake.</li></ul>

[1] Gavin ML, ed. What is type 2 diabetes? (for parents) - nemours kidshealth. KidsHealth.

[2] Prevent type 2 diabetes in Kids. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[3] SA, Meo & Zia, Inam & Bukhari, Ishfaq & Arain, Shoukat. (2016). Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pakistan: Current prevalence and future forecast. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 66. 1637-1642.

[4] Type 2 diabetes in children. Mayo Clinic.

[5] Holland K. Type 2 diabetes in children. Healthline.

[6] Child type 2 diabetes: Symptoms, causes &amp; treatments. WebMD.

Umna Salah

Obesity And Breast Cancer

However, the relationship between <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">obesity</a> and breast cancer is not straightforward. Research indicates that gaining weight as an adult increases the risk, but being overweight since childhood does not have the same effect. Additionally, excess fat around the waist will pose a greater risk than having it around the hips or thighs<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Understanding of the link between Obesity and Breast Cancer

A study using BMI and cancer incidence data found that around 37,670 new cases of cancer in men and 74,69 new cancer cases in women between 2011 and 2015 were due to excess body weight (i.e. overweight, obese, or morbidly obese)<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.

The percentage of cases due to excess weight varied across different types of cancer, with the highest number of cases of liver/gallbladder and endometrial cancers in women and esophageal adenocarcinoma in men. 
&nbsp;

Obesity is a well-established risk factor for various cancers in women. For instance, obese women are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. Moreover, they experience different treatment outcomes due to their body weight.

Both pre-and postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer due to increased body weight. However, it is believed that this risk may be lower in very young premenopausal women who have no family history of breast cancer and live in developed countries. Nevertheless, obese women, regardless of age, generally have poorer survival rates. 
&nbsp;

Obesity increases the risk of some cancers in the following ways<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>:

<ul>
	<li>Fat tissue produces excess estrogen, which is associated with increased risks of breast, endometrial, ovarian, and some other cancers.</li>
	<li>Obese people usually have increased blood levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1, which is responsible for the development of colon, kidney, prostate, and endometrial cancers.</li>
	<li>Obesity combined with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as gallstones or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, can cause oxidative stress and increase the risk of the biliary tract and other cancers.</li>
	<li>Fat cells produce hormones called adipokines that can stimulate or inhibit cell growth, with high levels of leptin promoting aberrant cell proliferation and low levels of adiponectin having antiproliferative effects that protect against tumor growth.</li>
	<li>Obesity increases risk through impaired tumor immunity and changes in the mechanical properties of the scaffolding tissue that surrounds developing tumors.</li>
	<li>A poor diet is also linked to obesity since it lacks essential nutrients for maintaining healthy cells and preventing cancer.</li>
	<li>Sedentary behavior and lack of physical activity are associated with an increased risk of obesity and breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Certain genetic factors make individuals more susceptible to obesity and breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obesity can lead to difficulties in cancer screening and management. For instance, screening for cervical cancer is not very effective in obese women. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Note: While obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, not all obese individuals develop breast cancer. Other factors, such as age, family history, and lifestyle choices, can also influence an individual&#39;s risk of breast cancer. 
&nbsp;

Observational studies suggest that obese people losing excess weight can reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, such as breast, endometrial, colon, and prostate cancers. However, these studies cannot prove that obesity causes cancer, and caution should be exercised in interpreting their findings.

In a study of postmenopausal women, intentional weight loss of more than 5% of body weight was associated with a lower risk of obesity-related cancers, especially endometrial cancer. 
&nbsp;

Bariatric surgery among obese people, particularly women, was associated with reduced risks of cancer overall, hormone-related cancers, and obesity-related cancers such as postmenopausal breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and colon cancer.

Nevertheless, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between weight loss and the risk of cancer among obese people<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Losing weight can improve overall health:

<ul>
	<li>Reduces risk of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer</li>
	<li>Lowers blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels</li>
	<li>Decreases strain on joints, hence, reducing pain and improving mobility</li>
	<li>Improves sleep quality and reduces the risk of sleep apnea</li>
	<li>Improves mood and decreases risk of depression and anxiety</li>
	<li>Increases energy levels and improves physical performance</li>
	<li>Reduces risk of pregnancy complications and infertility</li>
	<li>Improves immune function and reduces inflammation</li>
	<li>Improves brain function and cognitive performance 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

An effective way to reduce weight includes a combination of a healthy diet, regular exercise, and lifestyle changes. Here are some specific tips that can help<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>:

Eat A Balanced And Nutritious Diet: It&rsquo;s important to eat a balanced diet, which includes plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Avoid processed and high-calorie foods.

Control Portion Sizes: Use smaller plates and cups, and measure the portions to avoid overeating.

Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water and avoid sugary drinks.

Exercise Regularly: At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise every day, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming, is recommended.

Be Active: Find ways to stay active throughout the day. For instance, take the stairs instead of the elevator or walk during lunch breaks.

Get Enough Sleep: Aim for at least 7-8 hours of sleep every night, as lack of sleep can affect weight loss.

Manage Stress: Stress can contribute to weight gain, so find ways to manage stress, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises.

Seek Support: A registered dietitian or a personal trainer can help develop a personalized weight loss plan and provide support and accountability. 
&nbsp;

Conclusion

Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This is thought to be because adipose tissue produces estrogen, which can promote the growth of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. Additionally, obesity can lead to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance; both increase the risk of breast cancer. 
&nbsp;

However, the relationship between obesity and breast cancer is complex and not fully understood. Other factors, such as age, family history of breast cancer, and hormone therapy use, can also affect a woman&#39;s risk of developing breast cancer. Therefore, women should maintain a healthy weight and engage in regular physical activity to reduce their risk of breast cancer and other health problems. Additionally, regular breast cancer screening, such as mammograms, can help detect breast cancer early when it is most treatable. 
&nbsp;

Key Takeaways

<ul>
	<li>Obesity is a major risk factor for breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women.</li>
	<li>Excess body fat can cause hormonal imbalances that increase the risk of breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obesity can also lead to inflammation, which can promote the development of breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obese women are more likely to have larger tumors and more aggressive forms of breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obesity can reduce the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment and increase the risk of recurrence.</li>
	<li>Losing weight can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in postmenopausal women.</li>
	<li>Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can reduce the risk of breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obese women may have difficulty detecting breast cancer through self-examination or mammography.</li>
	<li>Breast cancer survivors who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of recurrence and lower survival rates.</li>
	<li>Addressing obesity through lifestyle changes and medical interventions can improve overall health and reduce the risk of breast cancer. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

[1] How your weight may affect your risk of breast cancer. American Cancer Society.

[2] Obesity and cancer fact sheet. National Cancer Institute.

[3] Health effects of overweight and obesity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[4] Clinics in oncology research article.

Sarah Mhowwala

Madeeha Syed

This article or video has been vetted and verified by Meri Sehat’s specialists. It contains citations and research from validated sources.

The PCOS Lifestyle

Overview

<a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos">Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)</a> is the most common endocrine disorder in women, affecting up to 5-10% of all females. It can cause a wide range of troubling symptoms.&nbsp;

The syndrome is caused by an imbalance in sex hormones which results in ovulation problems, irregular periods, and the formation of cysts on the ovaries. PCOS can be managed in several different ways, including lifestyle changes, medications and surgery, if necessary.

right measures

Combating PCOS the right way can be a challenge on its own. With so much information and suggestions out there, it is only normal for you to get overwhelmed and end up not doing anything at all. While PCOS may be a difficult condition to live with, it does not mean that it has to worsen with time. With the right measures, you can manage your PCOS in ways that minimise your symptoms. 
&nbsp;

In several cases, insulin resistance goes hand-in-hand with PCOS. This means that despite your body&rsquo;s ability to produce insulin, the hormone is not being used effectively to maintain your blood sugar level. In this case, the high blood sugar level causes your body to pump out more and more insulin, causing your ovaries to produce more androgens, such as testosterone.&nbsp;

This is why women with PCOS are required to consume a specific diet consisting of: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>High fiber vegetables, like cauliflower, bell peppers, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, etc</li>
	<li>Anti-inflammatory foods and spices like tomatoes, kale, walnuts, olive oil, turmeric, etc</li>
	<li>Lean meat, such as chicken or fish&nbsp; 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Foods consisting of refined carbohydrates like starch and sugars may make digestion a challenge in your body leading to increased insulin production. It is recommended to avoid white bread, muffin, sugary snacks, drinks, red meat or any type or processed meat. 
&nbsp;

Your body is going to thank you for incorporating a healthy active lifestyle. Weight control is absolutely necessary in the maintenance of PCOS, but at the same time, weight control can be a massive hassle and twice as difficult to achieve as compared to normal cases.&nbsp;

Experts believe that an average of 150 minutes weekly should be dedicated towards exercising. In this, consistency is the key. Weight loss and an active lifestyle may even aid in improved ovulation and reduce signs of stress.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

We know a caffeine boost is sometimes all you need to get through the day, but caffeine can do a lot of harm to you than good, especially when it comes to allegedly influencing changes in estrogen levels. Herbal teas or kombuchas are great alternatives giving you an immune boost through that probiotic kick.

However, quitting caffeine is a hard thing to do. It is best done slowly, from transitioning to green tea and then other herbal teas.

&nbsp;

Bottom Line

If your symptoms are severe, it may be time to talk with your doctor about treatment options. However, if you just want to improve your condition and have more regular periods or less hair growth in unwanted places (like on your chin), these tips will help!

Humza Khizer

Common PCOS Myths Busted!

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects a large number of women. Unfortunately, it is surrounded by numerous myths and misconceptions.

 
&nbsp;

Understanding Myths about PCOS

<h5>Myth 1: PCOS Is A Rare Condition</h5>

Fact: PCOS is a relatively common hormonal disorder that affects 1 in every 10 women of reproductive age<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. Symptoms may appear shortly after puberty, but women in their late teens or early adulthood can also be affected.

This may also be due to a delayed diagnosis, as symptoms such as poor sleep, mood changes, fatigue, and darkening of the skin under the breasts, arms, and back of the neck are easy to overlook or misdiagnose. Nearly 50-70% of women with PCOS are underdiagnosed<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.

The condition frequently runs in families. A woman is more likely to have PCOS if her mother, sister, or daughter has it. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Myth 2: Ovary Cysts Cause PCOS</h5>

Fact: PCOS is a complex hormonal disorder with a variety of symptoms, including irregular menstrual cycles and hormonal imbalances.

Most women have tiny follicles present in their ovaries that appear as small cysts on an ultrasound. But they are not the same as cysts. They are not painful and are not cancerous..

However, it is not uncommon for women to have polycystic ovaries but not PCOS, and vice versa. To be diagnosed, a woman should fulfill 2 of the 3 conditions<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>:

<ul>
	<li>Irregular periods</li>
	<li>Elevated levels of androgen or male hormone, with signs including severe acne and male-pattern baldness</li>
	<li>Multiple follicles or cystic ovaries</li>
</ul>

A diagnosis cannot be made based on a single symptom. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Myth 3: An Irregular Menstrual Cycle Means PCOS</h5>

Fact: PCOS is one of the reasons for an irregular cycle. However, irregular menstrual cycles may occur due to several reasons including but not limited to : extreme dieting, breastfeeding, overexercising, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, thyroid disorders, and stress.

Note: If your cycle is less than 21 days or longer than 35 days, consult your doctor. They may recommend additional tests to identify the cause. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Myth 4: PCOS Only Affects The Ovaries</h5>

Fact: Although PCOS mainly affects the ovaries, it is a systemic hormonal disorder that can affect different parts of the body. It can have an impact on metabolism, insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular health, and fertility. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Myth 5: All Women With PCOS Have The Same Symptoms</h5>

Fact: PCOS presents differently in different individuals. Some women may experience irregular periods, excessive hair growth (hirsutism), and acne. Others may struggle with obesity and insulin resistance. Not all women with PCOS have all the symptoms. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Myth 6: PCOS Is Just A Cosmetic Issue Related To Excess Hair Growth And Acne</h5>

Fact: Male hormones, or androgens, control the development of male characteristics. All women produce a small amount of androgens, but women with PCOS produce more than normal.

Excess androgen causes unwanted hair on the body. Furthermore, it makes the skin oilier than usual and causes breakouts.

However, PCOS can have serious consequences for a woman&#39;s health, including diabetes and mental health issues. Before the age of 40, more than half of PCOS women develop prediabetes or diabetes. PCOS has also been linked to high blood pressure, anxiety, depression, sleep apnea, and endometrial cancer<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Myth 7: PCOS Only Affects Overweight Or Obese Women</h5>

Fact: Because of this misconception, obese women with irregular menstrual cycles are frequently misdiagnosed with PCOS. It also implies that thin women are often not tested for PCOS.

Weight gain and obesity can aggravate PCOS symptoms. But the condition can affect women of all body types, including those who have a healthy weight or are underweight.

Furthermore, weight gain can be a consequence of PCOS due to insulin resistance. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Myth 8: Women With PCOS Cannot Lose Weight</h5>

Fact: People with PCOS have a harder time losing weight. This is a result of decreased insulin sensitivity, which makes it challenging to lose extra weight.

Note: You can achieve your weight loss objectives by working with an endocrinologist and a dietician. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Myth 9: Women With PCOS Should Avoid Specific Foods</h5>

Fact: There is no need to avoid anything as long as it is consumed in moderation. This is typically advised as a preventive measure to keep hormone levels in check. A diet high in fruits and vegetables is said to help people lose weight and reduce inflammatory markers<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>.

Some people with PCOS have celiac disease or gluten sensitivity and may benefit from eliminating gluten from their diets. However, some people do it to lose weight; however, there is no scientific evidence that it aids in weight loss.

Similarly, while dairy consumption is linked to higher insulin and androgen levels, there is no need to eliminate dairy from the diet unless the person is also lactose intolerant or allergic to milk. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Myth 10: PCOS Can Be Cured</h5>

Fact: Although PCOS cannot be cured, its symptoms can be effectively managed with various treatments and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and increasing physical activity. 
&nbsp;

The following are some misconceptions about PCOS in Adolescence: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>PCOS Is Not A&nbsp;Serious Condition</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: PCOS is a significant medical condition that can have long-term implications for a woman&#39;s health if left untreated. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Only Older Women Can Have PCOS</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: PCOS can affect teenagers and women of all ages. In fact, it often starts during the teenage years, with symptoms becoming more noticeable as women reach their 20s and 30s. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>PCOS Is Just About Irregular Periods</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: While irregular periods are a common symptom of PCOS, the condition involves multiple hormonal imbalances that can lead to various symptoms, like acne, hirsutism, weight gain, hair loss, and fertility issues. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>PCOS Among Adolescents Is Just A&nbsp;Phase And Will Go Away With Time</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: PCOS is a chronic condition that requires appropriate management. While some symptoms may improve over time, the underlying hormonal imbalances and potential health risks persist without intervention. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Irregular Periods During Adolescence Are Normal And Not A&nbsp;Cause For Concern</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: While irregular periods can be common during adolescence as the menstrual cycle is still maturing, consistent irregularities or other symptoms, like excessive hair growth, acne, or weight changes, should not be ignored. They could be signs of PCOS and warrant evaluation by a healthcare professional. 
&nbsp;

The following are some misconceptions that lead to misunderstanding and misinformation about PCOS among adult women: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Poor Lifestyle Choices Cause PCOS</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: While lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, can influence PCOS symptoms and exacerbate insulin resistance, the exact cause of PCOS is not entirely understood. It is believed to be a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>PCOS Is Just A&nbsp;Fertility Issue</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: PCOS does cause fertility problems due to irregular ovulation because it affects the ovary&rsquo;s ability to release an egg to be fertilized.

But it is not just a problem with fertility. It is a chronic illness that may affect a woman&#39;s metabolic health, cardiovascular health, and mental well-being, among other aspects of her health. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Women With PCOS Cannot Become Pregnant</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: Although PCOS can affect fertility, many women with the condition can conceive and carry a pregnancy to term with the help of the right medical treatment or lifestyle changes. Medicines, like clomiphene or letrozole, encourage ovulation. Additionally, FSH injections or Metformin may be used<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Women With PCOS Don&rsquo;t Need Contraception</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: Women with PCOS can have trouble conceiving naturally. They might be using medication to induce ovulation. However, this is not true for all PCOS women; some can conceive naturally despite their condition. The belief that they are infertile or cannot become pregnant as a result of their condition causes psychological distress and influences their contraceptive use<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Birth Control Pills Are The Only Treatment For PCOS</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: Contrary to popular belief, birth control pills are not the only way to treat PCOS; they only help manage some of its symptoms. Individual symptoms and objectives guide the course of treatment. For instance, a woman would definitely forego the pill if she wanted to become pregnant.

Therefore, treatment may include hormone-regulating drugs, dietary changes like an anti-inflammatory diet, and other practices like stress-reduction meditation. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>PCOS Will Disappear After Menopause</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Fact: PCOS is a chronic condition. Some symptoms may improve after menopause, but they will not go away completely. Long-term management may still be required to address related health concerns. 
&nbsp;

It&#39;s crucial to have accurate information about PCOS to understand the condition and make informed decisions about management and treatment. If you suspect you have PCOS or are experiencing related symptoms, consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance. 
&nbsp;

[1] Polycystic ovary syndrome. Polycystic ovary syndrome | Office on Women’s Health.

[2] Migala J, Upham B, Migala J, Salomon SH, Levine B, Marks JL. 12 common PCOS myths. EverydayHealth.com.

[3] PCOS symptoms. PCOS Awareness Association.

[4] Myth-busting: Truths about PCOS. Wellbeing of Women.

[5] Copp T, Cvejic E, McCaffery K, et al. Impact of a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome on diet, physical activity and contraceptive use in young women: findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health. Hum Reprod. 2020;35(2):394-403. doi:10.1093/humrep/dez274

[6] Angela Grassi M. It’s fine to eat these foods if you have PCOS. Verywell Health

Shermeen Zuberi

A. JABBAR DENTAL CLINIC

Sadia Khan

From Genes to Jeans: How To Beat Obesity For Good

Are you fat or are you obese? Is it due to your lifestyle or something more serious like an underlying cause &ndash; an illness or, perhaps, your genes? Can you ever overcome it or is it useless to even hope? Let&rsquo;s find out! 
&nbsp;

Understanding Link Between Genes And Weight

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a BMI of 30 or higher classifies an individual as obese.

The global rise in obesity has turned it into a major public health issue. The WHO reports that the global prevalence of <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">obesity</a> has nearly tripled since 1975. As of 2021, over 650 million adults were classified as obese.<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>

It is associated with numerous health risks, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. What makes it complex is the fact that the condition is influenced by a variety of factors, the most important of which is genetics. 
&nbsp;

In layman&rsquo;s terms, a genetic predisposition means there is an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease or condition based on your genetic makeup. So, take obesity for instance, if certain genes are present in your DNA, then there is a higher chance you would be obese compared to someone without those genes.

Research indicates that genetics increases your risk for obesity by 40-70%; hence, its importance.<a href="#accordion">[2]</a> Your genes influence your metabolic rate, fat storage, appetite, and food preferences.

To date, around 250 genetic variants are associated with obesity.<a href="#accordion">[3]</a> These variants affect pathways related to energy balance, lipid metabolism, and the formation of fat cells. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>FTO Gene</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The FTO gene is one of the most well-studied genetic contributors to obesity. Certain variants of the FTO gene increase the risk of obesity due to increased appetite and caloric intake.

A study found that individuals with two copies of the risk allele (variant) of the FTO gene weighed about 3 kg more than those without the risk allele.<a href="#accordion">[4]</a> 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>LEPR Gene</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Mutations in the LEPR gene can lead to leptin resistance, a condition where the brain does not respond to leptin signals, resulting in overeating and weight gain. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>MC4R Gene</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) gene plays a key role in regulating hunger and energy expenditure. Mutations in the MC4R gene are linked to severe obesity, starting in early childhood.

One study reported that individuals with MC4R mutations had significantly higher BMI and body fat percentages compared to those without the mutations.<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>

Generally, having a genetic predisposition doesn&#39;t guarantee that you will develop the condition; it simply means you are more susceptible to it. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and other variables also play a significant role in whether the condition actually manifests. It&rsquo;s like there&rsquo;s no escaping it if you&rsquo;re genetically inclined to obesity, but you can manage it by keeping other factors under control. 
&nbsp;

Changes in gene expression, without altering the DNA sequence, can be influenced by various environmental and lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, stress, and exposure to toxins. This is known as epigenetics.

Epigenetic modifications can turn genes on or off, affecting how cells function and how traits are expressed. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Diet And Nutrition</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Diet can significantly impact epigenetic markers. Diets high in fat and sugar can lead to increased fat storage and obesity.

Data suggests dietary patterns could influence DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mechanism that affects genes involved in metabolism and appetite regulation.<a href="#accordion">[6]</a> 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Physical Activity</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Regular physical activity can induce beneficial epigenetic changes that improve metabolic health and reduce the risk of obesity.

Moreover, it could modify the expression of genes related to inflammation and energy expenditure, promoting healthy weight loss. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Stress And Mental Health</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Chronic stress can lead to epigenetic modifications that increase the risk of obesity by influencing hormones like cortisol, which regulates appetite and fat storage.

Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness and meditation, have shown promising results in reversing some of these epigenetic changes and supporting healthy weight loss efforts. 
&nbsp;

Understanding the genetic basis of obesity can lead to more personalized and effective weight loss strategies. Here are some approaches: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Genetic Testing</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Genetic testing can identify specific genetic variants associated with obesity. Once you understand your predisposition, you can tailor your weight loss plans accordingly. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Dietary Adjustments</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Personalized nutrition plans tailored to an individual&rsquo;s genetic makeup can enhance weight loss. For example, if you have the FTO gene variant, you may benefit from a higher protein diet to reduce appetite and increase satiety.

Or, if your epigenetic markers indicate a high sensitivity to dietary fats, a low-fat diet can help you in managing obesity.

A study found that personalized diets based on genetic profiles led to greater weight loss compared to standard diets.<a href="#accordion">[7]</a> 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Exercise Regimens</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Similar to diet, genetics can also influence how your body responds to different types of exercise. Personalized exercise programs can maximize fat burning, muscle development, and overall fitness.

Integrating these insights into exercise prescriptions can enhance motivation and adherence to physical activity regimens. For example, the presence of epigenetic markers related to inflammation might allow your trainer to focus on low-impact exercises combined with anti-inflammatory diets. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Behavioral Interventions</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Behavioral strategies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing, can be customized based on genetic predispositions to address overeating and improve adherence to weight loss plans. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Medical And Pharmacological Treatments</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Based on a specific genetic profile, your doctor may recommend certain medications and surgeries that would prove more effective for your weight loss. For instance, if you have leptin resistance, you may be prescribed leptin-mimetic drugs. 
&nbsp;

Innovations in genomic and epigenomic technologies are making it easier to analyze and interpret epigenetic data, paving the way for a more precise and personalized weight loss plan.

As the cost of testing decreases, these personalized approaches will become more accessible to a broader population and can be used to combat the obesity epidemic.

By considering individual genetic profiles, healthcare providers can develop more effective and sustainable weight management plans. Incorporating genetic testing, personalized nutrition, tailored exercise regimens, and customized behavioral interventions can significantly improve outcomes for individuals struggling with obesity. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Genetics play a significant role in predisposing individuals to obesity, with heritability estimates ranging from 40-70%.</li>
	<li>Specific genes, such as FTO, MC4R, and LEPR, have been identified as influencing appetite regulation, metabolism, and fat storage.</li>
	<li>Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, can alter gene expression related to obesity without changing the underlying DNA sequence.</li>
	<li>Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, stress, and environmental exposures can influence epigenetic marks and impact susceptibility to obesity.</li>
	<li>Tailored interventions may include customized diet plans, exercise regimens, and behavioral modifications based on genetic profiles and epigenetic markers.</li>
	<li>Integrating genetic information into public health initiatives can improve obesity prevention and management strategies.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

[1] Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism. 2022;133:155217.

[2] McPherson R. Genetic contributors to obesity. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23 Suppl A(Suppl A):23A-27A.

[3] Tirthani E, Said MS, Rehman A. Genetics and Obesity. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

[4] Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science. 2007;316(5826):889-894.

[5] Adamska-Patruno E, Bauer W, Bielska D, et al. An Association between Diet and MC4R Genetic Polymorphism, in Relation to Obesity and Metabolic Parameters-A Cross Sectional Population-Based Study. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(21):12044. Published 2021 Nov 7.

[6] Smith ENL, Chandanathil M, Millis RM. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Obesity: Broadening Our Understanding of the Disease. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e47875. Published 2023 Oct 28

[7] Jinnette R, Narita A, Manning B, McNaughton SA, Mathers JC, Livingstone KM. Does Personalized Nutrition Advice Improve Dietary Intake in Healthy Adults? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(3):657-669.

Staff Writer

How Obesity Can Alter Your Brain And Impede Weight Loss Efforts

<a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">Obesity</a> has reached epidemic proportions globally, with far-reaching consequences for health and well-being. Beyond its obvious physical impact, recent studies have shown that obesity can exert a profound influence on the brain, altering its structure and function in ways that hinder weight loss efforts. Understanding the intricate relationship between obesity and the brain is essential for devising more effective strategies to combat this growing health crisis. 
&nbsp;

The Brain-Obesity Connection

<ul>
	<li>Rewiring Reward Pathways: One of the key areas affected by obesity in the brain is the reward system, which regulates feelings of pleasure and motivation. Research has shown that individuals with obesity exhibit altered reward circuitry, making them more susceptible to overeating calorie-rich foods. This rewiring leads to heightened cravings, making it harder to resist unhealthy options and contributing to the cycle of weight gain. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Hormonal Havoc: Obesity disrupts the delicate balance of hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism. Leptin, a hormone that signals satiety, becomes less effective in individuals with excess weight. Simultaneously, ghrelin, the hormone responsible for hunger stimulation, becomes more active. This hormonal imbalance creates a vicious cycle, where the brain misinterprets signals of fullness and perpetuates overeating. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Metabolic Adaptations: When a person attempts to lose weight, the brain interprets the calorie deficit as a threat to survival. As a protective mechanism, the brain triggers metabolic adaptations that lower the resting metabolic rate. This means that the body burns fewer calories at rest, making weight loss more difficult to sustain. These adaptations persist even after weight loss, increasing the likelihood of weight regain. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Increased Sensitivity To Food Cues: Brain imaging studies have revealed that individuals with obesity have heightened sensitivity to visual cues of food. Even after losing weight, the brain remains primed to respond strongly to these cues, triggering intense cravings and potentially leading to overconsumption. This phenomenon can make it challenging to stick to a healthy eating plan. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Neuroinflammation: Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation in the body, including the brain. This neuroinflammation has been linked to cognitive impairments, including difficulties in impulse control and decision-making. Such cognitive deficits can undermine weight loss efforts by making it harder to resist temptations and make healthy choices. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Executive Function And Self-Control: Recent studies indicate that obesity can compromise executive functions &ndash; cognitive processes responsible for self-control, planning, and decision-making. These functions are vital for adhering to a weight loss regimen, as they enable individuals to override impulsive urges and make strategic choices in line with their goals. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>The Gut-Brain Axis: Emerging research underscores the significance of the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication system between the gut and the brain. Gut hormones play a pivotal role in regulating appetite and metabolism, and their dysregulation in obesity can disrupt these essential functions. The altered signaling between the gut and the brain can perpetuate overeating and hinder weight loss progress. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Microbiome Imbalance: The gut microbiome, a diverse community of microorganisms residing in the digestive tract, also plays a role in obesity-related brain changes. Studies have linked an imbalanced microbiome to inflammation, insulin resistance, and even altered brain function. Restoring a healthy gut microbiome through dietary interventions may thus have a positive impact on weight loss outcomes. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Mindfulness And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Mindfulness techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help individuals with obesity develop greater awareness of their eating behaviors and emotional triggers. These strategies empower individuals to challenge automatic responses to food cues and build healthier habits over time. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Physical Activity And Brain Health: Regular physical activity has been shown to enhance brain plasticity and cognitive function. Engaging in exercise not only aids weight loss but also supports the brain&#39;s ability to adapt and rewire itself, potentially mitigating some of the cognitive effects of obesity. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Balancing The Microbiome: Adopting a diet rich in fiber, prebiotics, and probiotics can promote a healthy gut microbiome, which in turn may positively influence brain function. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiome could be a novel target for interventions aimed at improving both metabolic and cognitive aspects of obesity. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

The battle against obesity goes beyond calorie counting and exercise routines. Recent research illuminates the intricate relationship between obesity and the brain, uncovering mechanisms that make weight loss challenging for many individuals. By acknowledging the brain&#39;s role in the obesity equation, researchers and healthcare professionals can develop more comprehensive strategies that address both the physiological and cognitive aspects of weight management. Through a multi-faceted approach that integrates neuroscience, psychology, and nutrition, we can empower individuals to overcome the brain-related barriers to weight loss and achieve lasting well-being.

Rukhsana Rizwan

8 Signs You Have PCOS

Understanding signs of PCOS

If you have PCOS, here&#39;s how your doctor will diagnose it:<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>

<ol>
	<li>
	<h5>You Have Ovarian Cysts</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

An ultrasound is one of the first tests that doctors recommend. The scan creates images of the inside of your body by using high-frequency sound waves.

A transvaginal ultrasound, in which the ultrasound probe is placed inside the vagina, is usually recommended. If you are a virgin or are nervous about the procedure, your doctor may recommend an abdominal ultrasound, in which the probe is placed on top of the abdomen. An abdominal ultrasound, on the other hand, may not show your ovaries in detail. 
&nbsp;

Ultrasound is most effective on days 2-7 of the <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/how-your-menstrual-cycle-affects-your-mental-health">menstrual cycle</a>, and on a full bladder. If you are amenorrheic, your doctor may recommend a scan at random or 2-5 days after progesterone-induced bleeding<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.

The test aids in the diagnosis of PCOS in nearly 90% of women<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. If you have PCOS, your uterine lining will be thicker than normal, confirming another symptom - irregular or absent periods. They may also show enlarged ovaries that are three times the size of normal. 
&nbsp;

<ol start="2">
	<li>
	<h5>Your Androgen Levels Are High</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Another test, yes. This time, however, a blood sample will be drawn to test for male hormones.

Most women with PCOS have insulin resistance, which can lead to an increase in androgens in their bodies. However, androgens are occasionally produced as a result of chronic, low-grade inflammation caused by injury or infection. A higher level of androgen causes additional symptoms, such as male-pattern baldness. 
&nbsp;

<ol start="3">
	<li>
	<h5>Your Menstrual Periods Are Irregular</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Ovulatory dysfunction, also known as irregular periods, refers to absent or unusually long cycles. Some women with PCOS get fewer than 8 periods a year. And some people just do not get it<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>!

This is because a lack of ovulation prevents the uterine lining from shedding each month. It can be worrisome because not ovulating regularly indicates that your body is not producing a sufficient number of eggs to be fertilized.

As a result, PCOS is regarded as one of the leading causes of female infertility. Moreover, not ovulating every month increases the risk of endometrial cancer<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<ol start="4">
	<li>
	<h5>You Have Heavy Bleeding Each Month</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Your uterine lining has been accumulating for quite some time. So, when it sheds, your periods are naturally heavier than usual. 
&nbsp;

<ol start="5">
	<li>
	<h5>Your Metabolism Is Affected</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Your doctor would order a series of blood tests to determine the levels of these hormones<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. The results not only help diagnose PCOS but also rule out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as tumors, thyroid problems, and hyperplasia.

<ul>
	<li>Glucose Test: Diabetes affects more than half of all PCOS women. The risk of high blood sugar is increased when PCOS and obesity coexist.</li>
	<li>Lipid Profile: Since PCOS increases the risk of heart disease, it is important to check triglycerides and cholesterol levels.</li>
	<li>Insulin: This can be used to assess how effectively your body is combating insulin resistance.</li>
	<li>FSH And LH: If you have PCOS, your levels of follicle-stimulating hormone fall while your levels of luteinizing hormone rise.</li>
	<li>Estrogen And Testosterone: If you have PCOS, your estrogen levels will be high or the same as normal. Additionally, your testosterone levels will be high.</li>
	<li>Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): This helps determine whether these changes are truly caused by PCOS or by pregnancy for girls and women who are sexually active. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ol start="6">
	<li>
	<h5>You Have A Family History Of PCOS</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

Numerous studies have shown that if other women in your family also have PCOS, you may also develop the condition. There are numerous genes that affect it<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<ol start="7">
	<li>
	<h5>Characteristic Physical Symptoms? Check!</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

You can receive this &quot;reality check&quot; that you might have PCOS during a physical examination at a medical facility. It consists of:

<ul>
	<li>High BMI</li>
	<li>Headaches</li>
	<li>Oily skin and acne</li>
	<li>Male pattern baldness</li>
	<li>Extra hair growth or hirsutism</li>
	<li>Discolored skin patches in body creases 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ol start="8">
	<li>
	<h5>You Have Anxiety And Depression</h5>
	</li>
</ol>

This is more than just emotional exhaustion. The majority of PCOS women experience depression and anxiety<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>.

The hormonal changes caused by PCOS, as well as unwanted physical changes (e.g., hair loss, weight gain, infertility) and the social stigma associated with these changes, may have a negative impact on you. 
&nbsp;

Remember that not all PCOS women will exhibit every symptom<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. If you suspect you have PCOS, please see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>The Endocrine Society guidelines state that meeting 2 of 3 criteria - excess androgen, polycystic ovaries, and ovulatory dysfunction - can aid in the diagnosis of PCOS<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.</li>
	<li>While PCOS is a common health problem, girls and women are frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed.</li>
	<li>Periods are irregular or the cycle is longer than it should be when progesterone levels are low.</li>
	<li>Miscarriages, premature births, and infertility are all more likely to occur because ovaries are unable to produce and release eggs.</li>
	<li>Physical changes in PCOS patients can include acne, male-pattern hair loss on the head, excessive body and facial hair growth, and unexpected weight gain.</li>
	<li>Other physical changes that may occur include dark, velvety patches of skin and skin tags.</li>
	<li>Certain mood disorders, sleep disorders, eating disorders, and psychological disorders are common complications in people with PCOS. They are frequently associated with low self-esteem and a lack of support.</li>
	<li>A family history of PCOS is a major risk factor. It can help with early detection and diagnosis of PCOS.</li>
</ul>

[1] Amreen S. Ultrasound in polycystic ovarian syndrome: What? when? how? why? who? European Medical Journal.

[2] PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) diagnosis &amp; blood tests. WebMD.

[3] Watson S. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Healthline

[4] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). JHM

[5] Migala J, Upham B, Migala J, Salomon SH, Levine B, Marks JL. What is PCOS? symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. EverydayHealth.com.

[6] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Mayo Clinic. September 8, 2022.

[7] Polycystic ovary syndrome. NHS choices.

Endometriosis? PCOS? Which One Is It?

If you&#39;re somewhere between the ages of 10 and 50, there&#39;s a good chance you&#39;ve had your fair share of rollercoaster rides with the monthly cycle we call periods. When the cramps, mood swings, and bleeding gets a little too much,or too little it can put all types of thoughts in our brains. Is it PCOS? Do I have endometriosis? Do I have a hormonal imbalance? So on and so forth.

Both polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis are common causes of menstrual irregularity in women. You might have heard of them, but do you really know the difference? Don&#39;t worry, we&#39;ve got your back! In this article, we&#39;ll break down these two conditions, explaining the differences and similarities and why one may be confused with the other. 
&nbsp;

Endometriosis is a common, yet complex reproductive tract disorder that affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. This condition involves the abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, commonly found on the ovaries, pelvic cavity, fallopian tubes, or rectovaginal area. These &quot;ectopic&quot; tissues respond to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, leading to estradiol-induced growth and destructive changes, much like the inner lining of the uterus.

Unfortunately, endometriosis can cause severe pelvic pain, chronic inflammation, and fertility issues. Despite being a prevalent issue, there&#39;s currently no cure for endometriosis, and treatment options mostly revolve around surgical excision of endometrial lesions or even hysterectomy in severe cases. 
&nbsp;

The exact causes of endometriosis are still a bit of a puzzle. While some theories point to the retrograde flow of menstrual blood as a possible trigger, other evidence suggests a multifactorial nature, involving anatomical, hormonal, immunological, estrogenic, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. 
&nbsp;

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecologic disorder that affects up to 20% of women during their reproductive age<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. This syndrome presents a combination of symptoms, including anovulation (lack of ovulation), polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism (elevated androgen levels), hirsutism (excess hair growth), abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and increased body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR).

While PCOS is prevalent, its exact cause remains unclear. Researchers have identified genetic, environmental, nutritional, and metabolic factors as potential causes, but the full picture is yet to be painted. 
&nbsp;

Understanding The Difference Between PCOS And Endometriosis

Though endometriosis and PCOS might sound a bit complex, fear not, as we&#39;re here to break it down for you in simple terms. Let&#39;s explore the similar symptoms and key differences, so you can be better informed about these conditions and their impact on your health. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Similar Symptoms</h5>

Both endometriosis and PCOS can make us feel like our bodies are playing a game of twister with our health. Here are some symptoms that might be familiar for both conditions:

<ul>
	<li>Painful Periods</li>
	<li>Irregular Periods - If your period occurs more frequently than every 21 days or less often than 35 days, PCOS or endometriosis might be to blame.</li>
	<li>Fertility Challenges - If you&#39;ve been struggling to conceive, both endometriosis and PCOS can play a role in making that journey bumpier.</li>
	<li>Pelvic Pain - A persistent pain in your pelvic region can be a signal that something is amiss, which might be caused by either condition. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>Differentiating Features</h5>

While there are some similarities, endometriosis and PCOS have their distinct traits that set them apart. Here&#39;s how you can tell the difference: 
&nbsp;

<ol>
	<li>Endometriosis</li>
</ol>

<ul>
	<li>Ectopic Tissue - In endometriosis, the lining of your uterus decides to go on an adventure, growing outside the uterus on ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other places.</li>
	<li>Pain During Intercourse - Pain during sexual intercourse can be a common feature of endometriosis.</li>
	<li>Fertility Troubles - Endometriosis can lead to the formation of scar tissues and adhesions, which can make it harder for eggs to meet sperm. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ol start="2">
	<li>PCOS</li>
</ol>

<ul>
	<li>Cysts On Ovaries - In PCOS, your ovaries might become a little crowded with tiny cysts, affecting their normal function.</li>
	<li>Hormonal Havoc - PCOS can cause a hormonal roller coaster, leading to excess androgen levels (male hormones) and insulin resistance.</li>
	<li>Hirsutism And Acne - You might notice excess hair growth (hirsutism) or acne due to hormonal imbalances with PCOS. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Getting a proper diagnosis is the first step in tackling these conditions. If you&#39;re experiencing any of these symptoms, don&#39;t hesitate to talk to a healthcare professional. They can perform a physical exam, run some tests, and ask about your medical history to figure out what&#39;s going on.

Remember, you&#39;re not alone. Both endometriosis and PCOS are more common than you might think, and many women deal with them every day. Finding a supportive community, sharing experiences, and seeking medical guidance can make this journey a lot easier. 
&nbsp;

Endometriosis and PCOS might share some symptoms, but they are distinct conditions with their own set of features. Painful periods, fertility challenges, and pelvic pain are common themes, but the presence of ectopic tissue and ovarian cysts can help differentiate between the two. If you suspect you might be dealing with either of these conditions, don&#39;t hesitate to seek help and find the support you need. Understanding your body and taking proactive steps can help you better manage your health and well-being, paving the way for a happier and healthier life. 
&nbsp;

[1] Sadeghi MR. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Endometriosis as Two Evil Extremes of Health Continuum. J Reprod Infertil. 2022;23(1):1-2. doi:10.18502/jri.v23i1.8445

Nimrah H. Sattar

Role Of Period Tracker Apps For Managing PCOS

Let&#39;s embark on a journey to understand how these apps work their magic and how they fit into your PCOS management toolkit. 
&nbsp;

Understanding the role of period tracker apps for managing PCOS

<a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos">Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)</a> is a hormonal disorder affecting women, often leading to infertility and various health complications. Traditional management methods have proven effective but can be enhanced by modern technology. Period tracker apps offer a convenient and accessible way to monitor menstrual cycles and reproductive health. However, their accuracy and suitability for managing PCOS need to be carefully considered. 
&nbsp;

Period tracker apps, such as Clue and Flo, are popular tools that allow users to record menstrual cycle length, symptoms, and mood changes. These apps provide insights into unique patterns and reproductive health. Some apps offer additional features, such as tracking sexual behavior and contraception usage. 
&nbsp;

Period tracker apps can assist in managing PCOS by helping users track irregular cycles, ovulation patterns, and symptom changes. They provide a visual representation of data, aiding in identifying abnormalities and potential issues. Some apps even offer risk assessment features for PCOS, though caution is advised regarding their accuracy.

Recently, researchers at Northwestern University conducted a study using the Flo period tracking app to analyze symptoms of PCOS in women from different countries<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. The study revealed that common traits of PCOS may extend beyond the current diagnostic criteria, known as the Rotterdam criteria. Bloating, facial hirsutism, irregular cycles, hyperpigmentation, and baldness were frequently reported symptoms that were broader than those included in the diagnostic criteria. 
&nbsp;

Bloating emerged as a significant predictor of PCOS, followed by high glucose levels and high cholesterol combined with high glucose. The study involved users from the United States, the United Kingdom, India, the Philippines, and Australia. Among women with a PCOS diagnosis, bloating was the most commonly reported symptom across these countries, and high glucose levels and cholesterol were also prominent predictors.

Put simply, the study provides evidence of the variability of PCOS symptoms across different parts of the world. Moreover, it highlights the potential of period tracking apps, like Flo, to provide insights into PCOS symptomatology and contribute to better understanding and management of the condition on a global scale. 
&nbsp;

Many period tracker apps struggle to accurately predict ovulation and cycles for women with irregular periods, which is common in PCOS. These apps may not consider factors like stress, diet, or medications affecting cycle regularity. Thus, relying solely on app predictions for PCOS management may be inadequate.

Period-tracking apps like Flo and Clue have introduced health tools that assess a woman&#39;s risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal imbalance. These apps use data collected from users to predict the likelihood of PCOS based on symptoms and provide recommendations to consult a doctor. However, these tools haven&#39;t been thoroughly tested for accuracy or potential consequences, leading to concerns about overdiagnosis. 
&nbsp;

While these apps aim to help users by providing insights into their health, experts caution that without proper clinical validation, the risk of misdiagnosis and undue anxiety is present. These tools are part of a larger trend in digital health apps that attempt to go beyond data tracking and venture into medical predictions.

Unlike medications or medical devices, these apps often don&#39;t need approval from health authorities if they don&#39;t claim to diagnose or treat diseases. This raises concerns about their effectiveness and accuracy. 
&nbsp;

Flo and Clue, with millions of users, have developed their assessment tools in collaboration with medical experts and following guidelines. However, the assessment results provided by these apps are not definitive diagnoses and should not replace professional medical advice.

The potential issues with these tools include overdiagnosis, misinterpretation of symptoms, and an incomplete understanding of individual context. For instance, one user mentioned that the app suggested she might have PCOS due to a change in her menstrual cycle, which was actually due to a switch in birth control pills<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.

In conclusion, period-tracking apps like Flo and Clue offer new tools to assess the risk of PCOS. However, the accuracy and reliability of these tools are currently uncertain, and users should approach their results with caution<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. It&#39;s important to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. 
&nbsp;

Despite limitations, period tracker apps offer benefits. They empower users to understand their bodies, track ovulation, and communicate effectively with healthcare providers. Apps with risk assessment features can raise awareness about PCOS symptoms, prompting women to seek medical advice.

While these apps are not a replacement for professional medical advice, they offer a convenient way to stay informed and engaged in one&#39;s health journey. Women with PCOS should consider using period tracker apps as part of a holistic approach to managing their condition, alongside regular consultations with healthcare providers. 
&nbsp;

[1] Negris O, Brown D, Galic I, Zhaunova L, Klepchukova A, Jain T. SUN-LB3 Relationship Between BMI and PCOS Symptoms Among Flo App Users in the United States. J Endocr Soc. 2020;4(Suppl 1):SUN-LB3. Published 2020 May 8. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.2175

[2] Singer N. Period-Tracking Apps Say You May Have a Disorder. What if They’re Wrong?. The New York Times.

[3] Hohmann-Marriott BE, Williams TA, Girling JE. The role of menstrual apps in healthcare: provider and patient perspectives. N Z Med J. 2023;136(1570):42-53. Published 2023 Feb 17.

Ismail Munir

Unlocking The Path To Pregnancy: Fertility Tips For Women With PCOS

You may wonder about your chances of getting pregnant and whether you can even get pregnant at all. No need to fret! This article will arm you with the right knowledge and tips that can help increase your chances of conceiving faster. But first, what even is PCOS?

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to replace a doctor&rsquo;s advice. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any medication or making any changes to your lifestyle. 
&nbsp;

PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects millions of women worldwide. With an overall prevalence of 5-15%, it is considered the most common endocrine disorder in women and is a common cause of <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/infertility-in-women">infertility</a><a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. The prevalence is much higher in South Asia, especially in Pakistan where 52% of women are affected by PCOS<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. 
&nbsp;

The endocrine disorder occurs when the ovaries produce an excessive amount of androgens (male hormones) and develop small cysts, causing an imbalance in the reproductive system. While the exact cause remains a bit of a medical enigma, it is essential to know that it can be managed with the right approach. 
&nbsp;

Understanding Fertility Tips For Women with PCOS

The hormonal imbalances disrupt the regular ovulation process, leading to irregular or absent menstrual periods. Without ovulation, the chances of conceiving decrease significantly. Additionally, elevated androgen levels can interfere with the maturation of eggs and hinder their release, making pregnancy more challenging. 
&nbsp;

Absolutely! Having PCOS does not mean your dreams of motherhood are out of reach. Several women with PCOS have had successful pregnancies. With the right knowledge and strategies, you can enhance your fertility and increase your chances of becoming pregnant. 
&nbsp;

While each woman&#39;s journey is unique, several lifestyle changes and medical interventions can boost fertility. The following tips can help increase your chances of conceiving<a href="#accordion">[1][3]</a>. Let&rsquo;s check them out! 
&nbsp;

<h5>Lifestyle Changes</h5>

The first-line treatment recommended for women with PCOS is lifestyle changes that promote weight loss. A healthy diet and regular physical activity help reduce insulin resistance (IR) and hyperandrogenism, optimizing hormonal balance and improving cardiovascular health. Weight loss of as little as 5% from initial body weight can restore regular menstrual cycles and improve response to fertility medications.

<ul>
	<li>Diet: Diet plays a crucial role in managing PCOS symptoms and fertility. An anti-inflammatory diet can help balance hormones and blood sugar, and promote weight loss if needed. Include fruits, vegetables, omega-3-rich fish, herbs, spices, unsaturated fats, and beans in your diet, while limiting red meat and sugar.</li>
	<li>Exercise Regularly: Physical activity can aid in weight management, reduce insulin resistance, and improve overall well-being. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>De-Stress</h5>

Balanced hormones and nurtured adrenals are vital for fertility, and stress can negatively impact them. Engage in activities that help reduce stress, such as meditation, massage, yoga, exercise, spending time with animals, or socializing with loved ones. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Track Your Menstrual Cycle</h5>

Tracking your menstrual cycle allows you to identify ovulation and your fertile window, increasing the chances of conceiving. Use an ovulation calendar or app to pinpoint the best times for baby-making. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Reverse Any Insulin Resistance</h5>

Insulin resistance is a common issue for women with PCOS, affecting blood sugar and insulin levels, which can hinder conception. While Metformin is a prescribed option, consider starting with dietary changes. Eliminate sugar and refined carbs, and focus on protein, fiber, and healthy fats. Additionally, Myo-inositol has shown promise in treating insulin resistance for some women with PCOS. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Metformin</h5>

Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, can be used alone or in combination with other medications for ovulation induction. It lowers androgen production in the ovary and may have an ovulation-stimulating effect. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Ovulation Induction</h5>

Since 70% of women with PCOS have ovulation problems, ovulation induction becomes a cornerstone of treatment. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like clomiphene citrate (CC) or aromatase inhibitors like letrozole are commonly used to induce ovulation. CC acts as an anti-estrogen, stimulating the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), whereas letrozole inhibits estrogen conversion and enhances follicular sensitivity to FSH. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Gonadotropins</h5>

In women who do not respond to CC or letrozole, gonadotropins (FSH or human menopausal gonadotropin) can be used for ovulation induction. However, they carry a higher risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and multiple pregnancies. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)</h5>

ART, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or in vitro maturation (IVM), may be considered if other treatments fail or if there are other infertility factors. In high responders with PCOS, a &quot;freeze-all&quot; strategy may be employed to reduce the risk of OHSS. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling (LOD)</h5>

LOD is a minimally invasive surgical approach that can be considered for ovulation induction in women with PCOS who are resistant to pharmacological treatments. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Bariatric Surgery</h5>

For overweight or obese women with PCOS, bariatric surgery may be an option to improve fertility and other associated symptoms. However, it should be considered experimental, and the risks and benefits should be carefully evaluated. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Start Taking Supplements</h5>

Consider adding a myoinositol supplement to your daily routine. Certain vitamins and minerals, like folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin D, and more, can also aid fertility. Consult your doctor for personalized recommendations. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Alternative Therapies</h5>

Acupuncture and Chinese Herbal Medicine have limited evidence in enhancing fertility outcomes in women with PCOS. According to research, acupuncture appears to influence insulin signaling, reduce inflammation, and affect adipose tissue functions, thus improving metabolic dysfunction in PCOS patients. Furthermore, acupuncture may regulate the ovarian response to gonadotropins and restore neurogenic ovarian regulation. However, further research is needed to fully understand the effect of acupuncture on PCOS-related infertility<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome may present some fertility challenges, but remember, it doesn&#39;t define your ability to become a parent. With a proactive approach, a healthy lifestyle, and the right support, women with PCOS can overcome these hurdles and fulfill their dreams of motherhood. Tracking ovulation and considering fertility medications or treatments if needed can significantly enhance your chances of conceiving. Remember, you have the power to shape your fertility journey and welcome the joy of parenthood with open arms. Stay hopeful, stay positive, and may your dreams of becoming a mother soon become a beautiful reality. 
&nbsp;

[1] Cunha A, Póvoa AM. Infertility management in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a review. Porto Biomed J. 2021;6(1):e116. Published 2021 Jan 26. doi:10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000116

[2] Azhar A, Abid F, Rehman R. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Subfertility and Vitamin D Deficiency. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2020;30(5):545-546. doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2020.05.545

[3] Iftikhar N. How to Get Pregnant with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Healthline

[4] Ye Y, Zhou CC, Hu HQ, Fukuzawa I, Zhang HL. Underlying mechanisms of acupuncture therapy on polycystic ovary syndrome: Evidences from animal and clinical studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1035929. Published 2022 Oct 24. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1035929

I need you to picture a room full of kids. Can you hear the giggles, the screams,&nbsp; the energy just bouncing off the walls? Innocence personified, right? But here&#39;s the twist &ndash; among those chubby faces lies a concern that&#39;s quietly but steadily on the rise - childhood <a href="merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">obesity</a>. It&#39;s not just about having a bit of baby fat; it&#39;s a complex puzzle where extra pounds come together with health risks that might surprise you. 
&nbsp;

Understanding the Impact of Childhood Obesity on PCOS

With the ongoing climate change, wars, financial crises, and political unrest, food shortage has become a real dilemma among millions worldwide. And while that translates to more underweight and malnourished children, it seems that another form of malnutrition seems to be coexisting with undernutrition - obesity. Notably, overweight and obesity are responsible for more deaths globally than underweight<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there seems to be a global epidemic of overweight and obesity, or &lsquo;globesity&rsquo;<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. Although once considered to affect high-income countries, the obesity epidemic is now on the rise in middle- and low-income countries. 
&nbsp;

As per recent estimates, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has tripled over the past thirty years<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.&nbsp; In 2016, there were more than 1.9 billion overweight adults, of which 650 million were obese. However, adults are not the only ones getting affected by globesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has risen among children and adolescents as well. From 4% in 1975 to over 18% in 2016, childhood obesity has seen a sharp rise worldwide<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Childhood obesity is more than just a few extra pounds. It&#39;s a complex health challenge where excess body weight can significantly impair one&rsquo;s health. The perfect storm for childhood obesity brews from a blend of factors &ndash; a diet heavy in processed foods, lack of physical activity, genetics, and the environments in which children live. But the repercussions are more than skin deep. Childhood obesity isn&#39;t just about appearances; it can lead to immediate health risks such as diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and a range of social and psychological challenges.

&nbsp;

In 2019, approximately 38.2 million children under the age of 5 years were obese or overweight<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. With the rising prevalence of childhood obesity, researchers are concerned that the prevalence and severity of another disorder may also be increasing in parallel - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

Approximately 80% of women with PCOS are also obese<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. And while the two are linked, it is believed that childhood obesity may also be contributing to the rising prevalence of PCOS among women. 
&nbsp;

PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age, leading to symptoms like irregular periods, ovarian cysts, and hormonal imbalances. Its long-term health implications include infertility, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular problems. While the exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, researchers have identified a strong association between obesity and the development and severity of PCOS, particularly during adolescence.

A recent study revealed a higher prevalence of PCOS among obese or overweight pubertal patients than adults<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.The connection between childhood obesity and PCOS in adolescents is rooted in a complex interplay of hormonal and metabolic factors<a href="#accordion">[4][5]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Adolescence is a critical period for the development of both obesity and PCOS. During this time, hormonal changes, growth spurts, and metabolic shifts are occurring rapidly. Childhood obesity, characterized by excess body fat, can disrupt these normal processes and contribute to the hormonal imbalances that are central to the development of PCOS.

One key mechanism linking childhood obesity to PCOS is insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, but in obesity, cells become less responsive to its effects, leading to elevated insulin levels. This insulin resistance can trigger the ovaries to produce higher levels of androgens, such as testosterone. Elevated androgen levels disrupt the normal menstrual cycle and can lead to symptoms like irregular periods, acne, and excessive hair growth &ndash; all characteristic features of PCOS. 
&nbsp;

Moreover, adipose tissue (fat) itself is metabolically active and secretes various hormones and signaling molecules known as adipokines. In obese adolescents, especially those with central obesity (excess fat around the abdomen), there is an altered secretion of these adipokines. Some of these adipokines, such as omentin-1, are thought to influence androgen levels. Research has shown that omentin-1 levels are negatively correlated with free testosterone levels in obese girls with PCOS. This suggests that the adipose tissue in these individuals might contribute to the hormonal imbalances observed in PCOS<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.

Pubertal obesity can also exacerbate insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia commonly seen in PCOS. This contributes to the persistence of hormonal imbalances and can further aggravate hyperandrogenism. Early puberty, which often accompanies obesity, can also play a role. Obesity-related factors may influence the timing of puberty, leading to an earlier onset, and this premature hormonal activation could contribute to the development of PCOS. 
&nbsp;

Overall, the relationship between childhood obesity and PCOS in adolescents is complex and multifactorial. While not all obese individuals will develop PCOS, the increased prevalence of hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and disrupted adipokine profiles in obesity creates an environment conducive to the development of this syndrome.

Therefore, addressing childhood obesity through early interventions, such as promoting a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and weight management, is crucial for reducing the risk and severity of PCOS in adolescents. 
&nbsp;

Childhood obesity is a growing concern that not only affects a child&#39;s current health but can also have long-term consequences, including an increased risk of conditions like PCOS in adulthood. As parents, you play a crucial role in shaping your child&#39;s habits and setting them on a path to a healthier future. Here are some tips to help you manage and prevent childhood obesity:

<ul>
	<li>Be A&nbsp;Healthy Role Model - Children often imitate their parent&#39;s behaviors. Show your commitment to a healthy lifestyle by eating nutritious foods, staying active, and managing stress effectively. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Balanced Meals - Serve a variety of foods from different food groups at each meal. Include colorful fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats. Make mealtime a family affair and involve your child in meal planning and preparation. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Smart Snacking - Keep nutritious snacks like cut-up fruits, veggies, yogurt, or nuts readily available. Avoid stocking up on sugary or high-calorie snacks to reduce temptation. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Limit Sugary Drinks - Encourage water, milk, or naturally flavored water over sugary drinks. Limiting soda and fruit juices can significantly reduce your child&#39;s calorie intake. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Active Playtime - Create opportunities for your child to be active daily. Whether it&#39;s playing in the park, riding bikes, or dancing around the living room, make physical activity enjoyable. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Screen Time Rules - Set limits on screen time for TV, video games, and smartphones. Encourage your child to engage in outdoor play, sports, and other active hobbies. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Family Activities - Plan family outings that involve physical activity, such as hiking, swimming, or playing a sport together. These activities promote bonding while keeping everyone active. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sleep Well - Ensure your child gets enough sleep each night. A consistent sleep schedule supports healthy growth and helps regulate appetite. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Teach Portion Control - Help your child understand portion sizes and listen to their body&#39;s hunger cues. Avoid using food as a reward or a way to comfort emotions. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Open Conversations - Talk openly with your child about the importance of making healthy choices. Focus on the benefits of feeling strong, energetic, and confident. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Remember, the journey to managing and preventing childhood obesity is about making gradual, sustainable changes as a family. Celebrate small victories along the way and provide plenty of encouragement and support. By instilling healthy habits early on, you&#39;re giving your child the tools they need for a lifetime of well-being. 
&nbsp;

In the world of growing complexities, the connection between childhood obesity and PCOS has unveiled an important truth: our children&#39;s health today shapes their tomorrows. Childhood obesity isn&#39;t just about a number on a scale; it&#39;s a potential gateway to a life impacted by PCOS and its challenges.

[1] Controlling the global obesity epidemic. World Health Organization.

[2] Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization.

[3] T M Barber, Why are women with polycystic ovary syndrome obese?, British Medical Bulletin, Volume 143, Issue 1, September 2022, Pages 4–15, DOI:10.1093/bmb/ldac007

[4] Anderson AD, Solorzano CM, McCartney CR. Childhood obesity and its impact on the development of adolescent PCOS. Semin Reprod Med. 2014;32(3):202-213. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1371092

[5] Fu L, Qu F, Pan J, Wang T, Wang F. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents with obesity. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2021;67(3):468-473. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20200890