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Ismail Munir

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Downsizing In Progress

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Madeeha Syed

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What To Do After Getting A Caesarean?

Overview

You&rsquo;ve had your baby, and you&rsquo;re ready to go home. But before you can leave the hospital, there&rsquo;s some post-delivery care that you should take care of. In this article, we&rsquo;ll cover caesarean section (C-section) aftercare, including when it&rsquo;s time to take your catheter out and when you&#39;re ready for discharge from the hospital.

&nbsp;

recovery after  a c-section

After you have a C-section, this is the most critical period. You might feel tired, emotional, or anxious about your baby or yourself. Be sure to:&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Make Time For Yourself And Rest

<ul>
	<li>Drink water</li>
	<li>Eat healthy</li>
	<li>Do light exercises only (such <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/how-walking-helps-you-think-bette">as walking</a>) 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Take Care Of Your Wound And Stitches (If Applicable). You Need To

<ul>
	<li>Keep your wound clean and dry</li>
	<li>Wear comfortable maternity clothes that make it easy to get in and out of bed easily. Think loose fitting tops with leggings</li>
	<li>Avoid tight clothing, such as jeans or elastic waistbands, etc.</li>
	<li>Avoid heavy lifting or carrying heavy objects, etc.</li>
	<li>Speak to your doctor if you feel there is an infection developing in your wound area (this can happen on rare occasions) 
	 
	Ask for help from friends and family members when needed 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

You might feel weak and sore for a while after your surgery. Don&#39;t worry, it is normal! Moving around would help you feel better and get the blood flowing through your body again. You might want to ask someone to help with the lifting and carrying of heavy objects until you&#39;ve fully recovered from your surgery. 
&nbsp;

Here are some useful tips for moving around:

<ul>
	<li>Care For Your Incision: You&rsquo;ll likely be in the hospital for 2-3 days. During that time, your healthcare team would ask you to do a few things to help ensure you&rsquo;re on the right track.</li>
	<li>Keep Your Incision Clean And Dry. If needed, use pads or bandages.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Avoid Placing Hot Water Bottles or heating pads over your incision area because they could increase swelling and cause pain.</li>
	<li>Do Not Lift Anything That&rsquo;s Heavy during the first six weeks following your surgery. And even after that, if there&rsquo;s something you need to move, keep it light or, better yet, ask for help!</li>
	<li>Avoid Sexual Intercourse for six weeks after having a c-section (or until advised otherwise). This is to allow your uterus and vagina to heal well before you have another child vaginally.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>After The Period Of Six Months, you might resume intercourse as normal, but again, keep it light.&nbsp; 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Stretching. It&rsquo;s a good idea to stretch your abdominal muscles and any other muscles that have been affected by the surgery.</li>
	<li>Breathing exercises. Use diaphragmatic breathing (also called belly breathing) to help relax your body and calm down after surgery.</li>
	<li>Pelvic floor exercises. They help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and support the uterus, bladder, and bowel function after pregnancy. They also improve sexuality for both men and women, increase energy levels (and thus productivity) and reduce lower back pain or sciatica symptoms by improving posture or alignment through strengthening these core muscles</li>
	<li>Walking is a great form of exercise during recovery time because it helps strengthen leg muscles while also building endurance, which is helpful if you have had stitches put in place during surgery! 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>If you notice any unusual bleeding, such as a sudden gush of blood, or if the flow of your postpartum discharge changes in colour or consistency</li>
	<li>If you experience pain or discomfort</li>
	<li>If you have a fever (above 100&deg;F) 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Note: If you have questions about your recovery that aren&rsquo;t covered here, please ask your obstetrician or midwife.&nbsp;

If you&rsquo;re concerned about anything at all whether it&rsquo;s the way your belly feels after surgery (which, by the way, should feel like it has been run over by a truck!), whether there&rsquo;s an abnormal amount of blood coming out of your vagina, whether there are signs of infection (fever, chills), etc., go see someone right away.

It&rsquo;s better to err on the side of caution than risk an infection setting in that could lead to more problems later on down the road. And even though C-sections carry risks themselves (mainly related with anaesthesia), they&rsquo;re still safer than vaginal births when it comes down to actually giving birth itself. 
&nbsp;

Just sitting back and waiting for your body to heal would get you there. But you could be up and running and taking care of your baby with the right care in no time.&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Take It Easy. It might be tempting to jump right back into your normal routine, but try to cut yourself some slack. Your body needs time to heal after having been through an invasive procedure like surgery.</li>
	<li>Don&rsquo;t Be Afraid of taking pain medication, if necessary. If soreness is keeping you from getting quality rest at night, talk with your caregiver about options for relieving this discomfort. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Bottom Line

C-section recovery is a process. You might not feel like doing much, but it&rsquo;s important that you get up and move around as soon as possible. The more your body moves around, the sooner it will heal!

Umna Salah

How To Get Rid Of Belly Fat If You Have Diabetes

Introduction

According to research, belly fat as well as <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/insulin-resistant-pcos">insulin</a> health affect the immune system. And measurements greater than 40 inches and 35 inches signal an alarm bell for men and women, respectively.<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>

So if you don&rsquo;t like being reminded for the nth time about your medicines, then here&rsquo;s your guide on how to get rid of diabetic belly fat:<a href="#accordion">[2]</a> 
&nbsp;

Understanding weight loss for diabetics

<h5>Move Your Body</h5>

Cooped up at the university/corporate job 9-5 and then hitting the gym &mdash; where&#39;s the fun in that? Break the monotony.

<ul>
	<li>Step out to soak in the sun for a couple of minutes. Ask a friend to stretch, skip, or walk around the block after class.</li>
	<li>Love music? Play it out loud and dance your heart out.</li>
	<li>How about some gardening? You can learn to plant your own veggies.</li>
</ul>

Make it a habit to spend at least 30 minutes a day engaging your body in activities you enjoy. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Weight Training</h5>

For diabetics, simple exercises such as lunges, squats, or even push-ups can help burn calories and build muscle. It&#39;s time for you to feel stronger, not lethargic. Your diagnosis should not stop you from doing your daily activities &ndash; or more. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Mindful Eating</h5>

You need to focus not just on what you keep on your plate but also on how much.

<ul>
	<li>Sugary drinks and snacks are an obvious no. Replace that bottle with water to stay hydrated and healthy. In fact, water also helps keep cravings at bay.</li>
	<li>Moreover, lean proteins like fish, whole grains, and even healthy fats like nuts and avocados are good to go.</li>
	<li>Always exercise cautiously with portion sizes to avoid extra calories. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>Lose The Stress</h5>

What if I told you that overthinking and overworking are not just physically tiring you? It&rsquo;s actually making it harder for you to lose weight and messing up your blood sugar levels.

<ul>
	<li>Prioritize 7-9 hours of sleep.</li>
	<li>Reading, doing yoga, or spending time with your loved ones can help you relax and unwind.</li>
	<li>Celebrate small victories instead of feeling overwhelmed by big changes. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Don&rsquo;t forget to skip those blood sugar tests. It is important to see whether your body is indeed responding to these lifestyle changes. It&rsquo;s all trial and error until you find the balance and stick to it.

Always let your loved ones or doctors know if you&rsquo;re struggling at any stage. They will support you and ensure you achieve your goal. 
&nbsp;

Conclusion

The trick to looking and feeling good with diabetes is to shed those extra pounds. This will not only help in feeling better but will also improve your glucose levels and prevent health complications. 
&nbsp;

Key Takeaways

<ul>
	<li>Getting rid of diabetic belly fat involves a combination of lifestyle changes, including exercise, diet, and stress management.</li>
	<li>A balanced diet should include plenty of lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats, besides fruits and vegetables.</li>
	<li>Portion size can keep you from overeating.</li>
	<li>Regular physical activity like walking, swimming, or strength training can boost metabolism and burn more calories.</li>
	<li>Stress-reduction techniques like deep breathing and adequate sleep can help you lose weight.</li>
	<li>Test your blood sugar level regularly to keep it within the target range.</li>
</ul>

[1] Nainggolan L, Migala J, Ruder K, et al. How to lose belly fat if you have type 2 diabetes. EverydayHealth.com. Accessed February 7, 2024.

[2] Men’s Health: Abdominal fat and why it matters if you have diabetes. diaTribe. July 26, 2022. Accessed February 7, 2024

Shermeen Zuberi

Iqra Mazhar

All About LASIK

It&rsquo;s always best to first read about the procedure, to know how it&rsquo;s performed and what you can expect out of it, before you go full force ahead. This is especially vital when it concerns your eye, as sight is one of the 5 key senses. Like all surgical procedures, some of the concerns about LASIK are valid.&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;

The chances of serious side effects/complications during the procedure are highly unlikely; documented evidence shows that the percentage of people experiencing problems with their operations is very low.

&nbsp;

Currently, LVC&ndash;Laser Vision Correction is considered among the safest surgical procedures, thanks to a series of technological advancements that have improved outcomes since the FDA approved it 25 years ago<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.

&nbsp;

However, it&rsquo;s natural to have some concerns before having refractive surgery and this article will help you differentiate between myths and reality. It will also outline the advantages and disadvantages of LASIK procedure and the ideal candidates for this surgical procedure. 
&nbsp;

Understanding LASIK Eye Surgery

LASIK eye surgery is the most well-known laser refractive procedure for treating vision issues. The transparent tissue at the front of your eye (cornea) is carefully reshaped during LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis) surgery to enhance vision. In essence, you would no longer need to wear contact lenses or spectacles after LASIK operation. 
&nbsp;

Your eyesight becomes blurry when light does not properly focus on your retina. This is what medical professionals refer to as a refractive error. The fundamental varieties are<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>:&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Nearsightedness (myopia). When something is close to you, you can see it clearly, but it becomes hazy as soon as either you move far away or the object is placed at a distance.</li>
	<li>Farsightedness (hyperopia). Objects at a distance are clearer than those that are near.</li>
	<li>Astigmatism.&nbsp;Considering the shape of your eye, this may cause things to seem hazy or distorted. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Certain medical disorders either increase the risks of LASIK surgery or reduce the predictability of the results.

&nbsp;

In case of the following circumstances, your doctor might advise against laser refractive surgery for you:

<ul>
	<li>Autoimmunity-related illnesses like rheumatoid arthritis</li>
	<li>A compromised <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/how-an-over-prescription-of-antibiotics-affects-your-immune-system">immune system</a> brought on by immunosuppressive drugs or HIV</li>
	<li>Ongoing dry eyes</li>
	<li>Recent visual changes brought on by drugs, hormonal changes, pregnancy, breastfeeding, or aging</li>
	<li>Corneal discomfort, eyelid issues, damage to the eyes, or diseases like uveitis, herpes simplex, glaucoma, or cataracts</li>
	<li>Pregnant mothers</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

In general, LASIK surgery is not suggested if you:

<ul>
	<li>Have an eye condition that causes the cornea to weaken or swell.</li>
	<li>Have an inherited eye condition or a family history of eye conditions.</li>
	<li>Generally, possess sound vision.</li>
	<li>Are nearsighted.</li>
	<li>Have a thin cornea or quite large pupils.</li>
	<li>Have age-related issues that reduce the clarity of your vision.</li>
	<li>Perform contact sports that could result in facial blows. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

There are several options that various eye surgeons specialize in, and your doctor can advise on the procedure which best suits you. The different types of LASIK are listed below:

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_1t3h5sf"></a>Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)</li>
</ul>

The procedure known as LASIK is presently the most widely practiced eye laser surgery. It includes making a partial-thickness corneal flap by using an organic light emitting laser to burn away the corneal bed.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_4d34og8"></a>Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)</li>
</ul>

The top layer (epithelium) is scraped away during PRK rather than creating a flap.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_2s8eyo1"></a>Laser-Assisted Subepithelial Keratectomy (LASEK)</li>
</ul>

LASEK surgery is comparable to LASIK surgery, except the flap is made by using a special cutting tool (microkeratome) and subjecting the cornea to ethanol.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_17dp8vu"></a>Epithelial Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (epi-LASIK)</li>
</ul>

An epi keratome is a mechanical&nbsp; device with a blunt blade. Your surgeon uses it during an epi-LASIK operation to separate the epithelium from the stroma, the central portion of the cornea. A LASEK laser is then used to reshape the cornea.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_3rdcrjn"></a>Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)</li>
</ul>

Through laser, a lenticular &mdash; a little piece of tissue in the shape of a lens &mdash; is created beneath the cornea&#39;s surface during this more recent kind of refractive surgery. By using a very small incision, the lenticular is used to restructure the cornea before being removed.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_26in1rg"></a>Intraocular Lenses</li>
</ul>

Intraocular lenses are corrective lenses that can be surgically placed inside the eye to enhance vision. This is a common procedure in cataract surgery (in which the old, cloudy natural lens is removed).

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_lnxbz9"></a>Bioptics</li>
</ul>

Bioptics is a treatment for nearsightedness or farsightedness that combines one or more procedures, such as LASIK and intraocular lenses. 
&nbsp;

Before you make that trip to OT (operation theater), make sure to:

<ul>
	<li>Consider the potential cost of surgery. Most insurance companies won&#39;t cover the cost of LASIK surgery because it is typically regarded as an elective surgery. Be ready to make out of pocket payments.</li>
	<li>Schedule a ride home. You&#39;ll require transportation to and from the surgical location. Your eyesight could be cloudy after surgery, and you might still feel the effects of the medication you were given previously.</li>
	<li>Don&#39;t wear eye makeup. Avoid using eye makeup, cream, perfumes, or lotions the day of your procedure and the day before. In the days before surgery, your doctor could also advise you to clean your eyelashes more frequently or every day to eliminate dirt and reduce your risk of infection. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>Before The Procedure</h5>

People who have been properly examined by a trained professional prior to LASIK surgery typically have the best long-term outcomes.

&nbsp;

Before your examination and operation, you must stop wearing contact lenses since they can alter the structure of your cornea. During this time, you should only wear glasses.

&nbsp;

Depending on the type of contact lens you use, and how long you&#39;ve been using them, your doctor will give you particular instructions. During the evaluation, your doctor will also take into consideration your medical and surgical history in order to determine whether you can have the surgery safely.

&nbsp;

They will also perform a thorough eye exam to check for the following

<ul>
	<li>Eye infection</li>
	<li>Inflammation</li>
	<li>Large pupils</li>
	<li>Dry eyes</li>
	<li>High eye pressure</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

Moreover, your eye doctor will measure your cornea, and note down its thickness, shape, and any anomalies. This will help in assessing the parts of your cornea that require reshaping. These measurements also aid in calculating the precise volume of tissue that has to be removed from your cornea.

&nbsp;

Before LASIK surgery, doctors thoroughly evaluate your eye using wavefront-guided technology. In this exam, a scanner builds a comprehensive chart of your eyes that resembles a topographic map. These charts help your eye doctor to ascertain with precision the amount of corneal tissue that needs removal.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

If your doctor forgets to inform you or address any concern that you might have had, now is the time to ask/remind them. Together, you can discuss the advantages and disadvantages of LASIK surgery, and what you can expect before and after the procedure in your particular case.

&nbsp;

<h5>During The Procedure</h5>

The average time for the LASIK procedure is 30 minutes or less. You will be asked to lie down straight on a recliner, and you might be given medication at this point to keep you relaxed.

&nbsp;

After the numbing medicines, your doctor would apply a device to keep your eyelids open.&nbsp; They would place a suction ring on your eye before cutting the corneal flap. This might create a slight blurring of vision due to pressure excretion.

&nbsp;

Your eye surgeon removes a little flexible flap from the front of your eye using a tiny blade or cutting laser technique so that they can reach the area of your cornea that must be reshaped.

&nbsp;

They reshape a portion of your cornea using a laser with a predetermined pattern. A very small quantity of corneal tissue is cleared with each laser pulse. The surgeon repositions the flap after shaping the cornea. Generally, the flap recovers without needing stitches.

&nbsp;

Important Instructions during surgery

You would be instructed to:

<ul>
	<li>Keep your eye fixed and concentrate on a lightning point during the procedure, as the laser restructures your cornea by focusing on this light.</li>
	<li>Don&rsquo;t panic if you notice a unique odor. Some patients&nbsp;observe a smell similar to burnt hair.</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

Doctors will typically do LASIK surgery on both eyes on the same day if required.

&nbsp;

<h5>After The Procedure</h5>

Your eye may itch, feel gritty, burn, and watery post-surgery. Your vision will likely be hazy. Generally speaking, you won&#39;t feel any pain, and your vision will return quickly.

&nbsp;

Following the treatment, you might be given painkillers for pain relief and eyedrops to keep the eyes lubricated and clear from infections. Once your eye heals, the eye doctor might also advise you to sleep with a shield over it. Within a week of surgery, you&#39;ll be able to see, although your vision might still be blurry at this point.

&nbsp;

After surgery, your eye must recuperate for 2-3 months until your eyesight is stabilized. The quality of your eyesight before surgery will influence your odds of seeing better after it. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>The first 6 hours:&nbsp;It is important to keep your eyes closed and avoid bright lights.&nbsp;Use your sunglasses indoors to reduce exposure to bright lights. Use your eyedrops diligently and take pain killers as advised by your doctor. You will likely be given a protective eye shield to wear at least at night to avoid bumping or rubbing your eyes</li>
	<li>The first 24 hours after LASIK: It is imperative to avoid all activities that strain your eyes e.g., reading, watching TV, and screen time, including smart phones, video games, and computers.</li>
	<li>After 24 hours: Congratulations! Today you can take a shower but be careful not to use soap or any chemical products close to your eyes.&nbsp; 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

You&#39;ll have a follow-up examination with your eye doctor 1-2 days following surgery. They will observe the rate at which your eye is healing, and whether there are any problems.

&nbsp;

As per your doctor&rsquo;s advice, make additional follow-up visits within the initial 6 months following surgery.

&nbsp;

It can take a few weeks before you can resume using cosmetics around your eyes. Additionally, it may be necessary to wait a few weeks before returning to vigorous physical sports, swimming, or using hot tubs. Again, follow your doctor&#39;s advice regarding when to get back to your regular activities. 
&nbsp;

There are incredibly few complications that cause visual loss. However, some LASIK side effects notably: dry eyes and transient vision issues like glare, are very typical. Few people think these are long-term issues, but the truth is that most of these effects typically go away within a few weeks or months.

&nbsp;

The following are risks associated with LASIK surgery.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_4i7ojhp"></a>Eye Dryness</li>
</ul>

Tear production temporarily declines after LASIK surgery. Your eyes may seem especially dry for the first 6 months following surgery as they recuperate. Dry eyes may cause your eyesight to get blurry.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Your ophthalmologist will likely suggest eye drops to lubricate your dry eyes. Additionally, if you have extremely dry eyes,&nbsp; you may also choose to have specialized plugs placed in your tear ducts to restrict your tears from flowing away from the layer of your eyes.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_2xcytpi"></a>Halos, Glare, And Double Vision </li>
</ul>

Following surgery, you may experience vision troubles at night. These typically last between several days to a few weeks and include excessive light sensitivity, brightness, halos surrounding bright lights, or double vision. Your eyesight in low light (at dusk or in fog) may be less clear after surgery, even though a satisfactory visual outcome has been measured under standard testing conditions.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_1ci93xb"></a>Under Corrections</li>
</ul>

You won&#39;t get the improved eyesight you expect if the laser destroys an insufficient amount of&nbsp; tissue in your eye. Under corrections are more common in nearsighted people. You might require a second LASIK treatment to remove additional tissue.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_3whwml4"></a>Overcorrections</li>
</ul>

Furthermore, there&#39;s a chance that the laser takes too much tissue off your eyes. It is important to mention that rectifying overcorrections is much more difficult than under corrections.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_2bn6wsx"></a>Astigmatism </li>
</ul>

When tissues are removed unevenly, it might lead to astigmatism. You would still need glasses, surgery, or contact lenses in this situation.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_qsh70q"></a>Flap Issues</li>
</ul>

During surgery, bending back or cutting the flap from the front of your eye might lead to issues such as infection and excessive tearing. The topmost corneal tissue layer underlying the flap starts to grow irregularly during the healing process.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_3as4poj"></a>Regression</li>
</ul>

Regression is the gradual return of your vision to the original prescription. This rarely happens.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a name="_1pxezwc"></a>Alterations Or Loss Of Vision</li>
</ul>

It&rsquo;s not often that a surgery-related complication causes a patient to lose vision or render them helpless when they cannot see as sharply and clearly as they formerly did. 
&nbsp;

The operation is not painful. Some people have mild to severe discomfort, which typically lasts for 2-3 days. 
&nbsp;

Yes, it is possible to treat both eyes simultaneously. This makes it possible to do the work in the least amount of time while ensuring that both eyes have a balanced and corrected vision. 
&nbsp;

For a number of reasons, most LASIK eye surgeons concur that patients should be between the ages of 25 and 40 if they choose to undergo the procedure. One of the characteristics of a strong candidate for LASIK is a steady prescription. Prescriptions for eyeglasses and contact lenses usually stabilize by the age of 25.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

There have been no incidents of blindness attributed to LASIK alone. People are more likely to become blind from contact lens infections than from having LASIK.

&nbsp;

But if the proper aftercare guidelines are not followed, the ensuing consequences, particularly infections, can result in blindness. This is possible, however, it seldom occurs. The operation itself does not result in blindness, and the majority of LASIK issues can be prevented by simply adhering to your surgeon&#39;s aftercare instructions. 
&nbsp;

LASIK enables long-lasting vision repair, and only a small percentage of patients need a second procedure, which if needed can be done 5-10 years after the first procedure.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Laser-Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis or LASIK is a sophisticated method of refractive surgery. Implementing the corrective process for people with short-sightedness, long-sightedness, or astigmatism not only re-profiles the cornea but also corrects its curvature, and thereby changes the contour of the eye.

&nbsp;

LASIK is not for everyone. So, it&#39;s crucial to confirm that you meet the prerequisites outlined in the article to get the best results and lower your risk of complications. For instance, individuals with really thin corneas and others whose vision have not yet stabilized might not be eligible candidates for the surgery.

&nbsp;

Finding the most reputed clinic and a professional eye doctor in your neighborhood should always be your goal.

&nbsp;

Best of luck with your fresh perspective! 
&nbsp;

Key Points

<ul>
	<li>LASIK surgery is a surgical procedure to improve vision.</li>
	<li>There are certain protocols of this procedure.</li>
	<li>The procedure takes approximately 30 minutes, and the patient is usually sent home right after the operation.</li>
	<li>With Lasik, your eyesight can be permanently improved and typically, you notice a difference in just 24 hours.</li>
	<li>Post op care and rigorous follow up is necessary to prevent infections and ensure the success of the procedure.</li>
	<li>Discuss your queries and fears with your doctor if you consider getting LASIK surgery.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

[1] Joffe SN. The 25th anniversary of laser vision correction in the United States. Clin Ophthalmol (Auckland, NZ). 2021;15:1163.

[2] Kates MM, Tuli S. What Is LASIK Eye Surgery? JAMA [Internet]. 2020;324(8):815.

Neelam Asad

Everything You Need To Know About Taking Ozempic For Weight Loss

By now you have probably heard about the new miracle drug for <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/five-myths-about-weight-loss">weight loss</a> called Ozempic and how its widespread use has actually caused a shortage in the market. Ozempic is a prescription medication that contains the active ingredient Semaglutide. Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that helps to lower blood sugar levels by stimulating insulin release and suppressing glucagon secretion. What this essentially means is that it controls (lowers) your blood sugar levels and for this reason it has been recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, it has now gained popularity among those seeking quick weight loss solutions since it has been found to be extremely effective in aiding weight loss. 

&nbsp;

Ozempic And weight loss

The exact mechanism of how Ozempic helps with weight loss is not yet fully understood. However, it is believed that Ozempic works by reducing appetite and increasing feelings of fullness. This leads to a reduction in calorie intake and ultimately, weight loss.

Ozempic has been shown to reduce body weight by an average of 5-10% in clinical trials. This weight loss is typically seen within the first few months of treatment and may continue for up to a year.

&nbsp;

Even though it&rsquo;s only been approved for use in individuals with type 2 diabetes, many pharmacies are now prescribing it off-label for weight loss in individuals without diabetes who have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, or a BMI of 27 or higher with at least one weight-related medical condition, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol.

It is important to note that Ozempic is not a weight loss drug and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider. Ozempic is not recommended for use in individuals with a history of pancreatitis or in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

&nbsp;

Ozempic is typically administered once a week by subcutaneous injection. The recommended dose for weight loss is 0.25 mg once a week for four weeks, followed by an increase to 0.5 mg once a week. The maximum recommended dose for weight loss is 1 mg once a week. Ozempic should be taken at the same time each week and may be taken with or without food. It is important to follow the dosing instructions provided by your healthcare provider. 
&nbsp;

Side Effects

As with any medication, there are potential side effects associated with taking Ozempic. The most common side effects of Ozempic include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, indigestion, heartburn, constipation and bloating. These side effects typically subside after a few weeks of treatment. More serious side effects of Ozempic include abdominal pain or discomfort, loss of appetite, headache, dizziness, fatigue or weakness, back pain, joint pain, muscle pain or stiffness, insomnia, anxiety or nervousness, depression, irritability, skin rash or itching, injection site reactions, such as redness, swelling, or itching, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), especially when used with other diabetes medications, kidney problems, including decreased urine output or swelling in the legs or feet, thyroid tumors and pancreatitis, which may cause severe abdominal pain. These side effects are rare but may require immediate medical attention. It is important to discuss the potential side effects of Ozempic with your healthcare provider before starting treatment. 
&nbsp;

Another major side-effect of Ozempic use for weight loss can be what we&rsquo;re now calling &lsquo;Ozempic face&rsquo;. This is when the sagging of facial skin occurs as you lose weight faster than you&rsquo;re supposed to. We can safely lose only around 1% of our total body weight per month. Anything more than that is dangerously close to being considered unhealthy.&nbsp;

&nbsp;
<quillbot-extension-portal></quillbot-extension-portal>

Ozempic may be a useful tool in aiding weight loss in individuals who are struggling to lose weight through diet and exercise alone. However, it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare and one must keep in mind that it&rsquo;s not FDA approved for this particular usage no matter how effective it might be.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Dr. Safia Mehmood

What Is Peptide Therapy For Weight Loss?

Peptide therapy is a relatively new approach to <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/how-obesity-can-alter-your-brain-and-impede-weight-loss-efforts">weight loss </a>that has been gaining popularity in recent years. Peptides are short chains of amino acids that act as messengers within the body, controlling a wide range of biological processes. In peptide therapy for weight loss, specific peptides are used to stimulate the body&#39;s natural weight loss mechanisms.

&nbsp;

Peptide Therapy For Weight Loss

The peptides used in weight loss therapy are typically synthetic versions of naturally occurring peptides in the body. They work by binding to specific receptors on cells, triggering a cascade of physiological responses. One of the most popular peptides used for weight loss is called CJC-1295. This peptide stimulates the release of growth hormone, which can help to increase metabolism and promote fat burning.

Another peptide commonly used in weight loss therapy is called GLP-1. This peptide is produced naturally in the body and helps to regulate appetite and blood sugar levels. When administered as a medication, GLP-1 can help to reduce food intake and promote weight loss.

Peptide therapy for weight loss is typically administered through injections. The peptides are usually given subcutaneously, which means they are injected under the skin. Treatment plans vary depending on the individual&#39;s needs and goals, but typically involve regular injections over a period of several weeks or months.

&nbsp;

Benefits and Side-effects

There are several potential benefits to peptide therapy for weight loss. One of the biggest advantages is that it can help to promote weight loss without the need for drastic diet and lifestyle changes. While healthy eating and exercise are always recommended, peptide therapy can provide an additional boost to weight loss efforts and may even speed up the process. Another advantage of peptide therapy is that it can help to promote the development of lean muscle mass. As the body burns fat for fuel, it also uses amino acids from the peptides to build new muscle tissue. This can help to improve body composition and promote overall health.

However, as with any medical treatment, there are also potential risks and side effects associated with peptide therapy for weight loss. Common side effects include headache, nausea, and dizziness. Some people may also experience allergic reactions to the peptides, which can be severe in some cases.&nbsp;

It&#39;s important to note that peptide therapy for weight loss is not a magic bullet. While it can be effective for some people, it&#39;s not a substitute for healthy eating and exercise. In fact, some studies have suggested that combining peptide therapy with lifestyle changes may be more effective than using peptides alone. Its also not suitable for everyone. People with certain medical conditions, such as cancer, kidney disease, and heart disease, may not be good candidates for this treatment. Additionally, pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid peptide therapy.

&nbsp;

Peptide therapy for weight loss is a promising new approach to weight loss that has shown some success in clinical trials. However, it&#39;s important to approach this treatment with caution and to work closely with a qualified healthcare professional to ensure that it&#39;s safe and effective for you. As with any weight loss plan, it&#39;s also important to remember that healthy eating and exercise are key components of long-term success.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Breaking Down The Plateau: 10 Reasons Why Your Weight Loss Might Stall

Weight loss journeys are often marked by initial excitement and results, but hitting a plateau can be disheartening. Recognizing the factors that might be causing this stagnation is the first step toward breaking through and continuing your progress. 
&nbsp;

Reasons Why Weight Loss Might Stall

<h5>1. Metabolic Adaptation: Your Body Adjusts</h5>

As you lose weight, your body&#39;s metabolism can slow down in response to reduced calorie intake. This metabolic adaptation can make further weight loss challenging. Incorporating occasional refeed days with slightly higher calorie intake can help prevent your metabolism from adjusting too drastically. 
&nbsp;

<h5>2. Caloric Intake: Accurate Tracking Is Key</h5>

Misjudging portion sizes and underestimating calorie content can hinder weight loss. Ensure you&#39;re accurately tracking your caloric intake and consider using a food scale for precision. Small discrepancies can add up and affect your progress. 
&nbsp;

<h5>3. Plateauing Exercise Routine: Shake Things Up</h5>

Your body can adapt to your exercise routine, leading to diminished calorie burn. Introduce variety by trying new workouts, increasing intensity, or changing the duration. This challenges your muscles and keeps your metabolism engaged. 
&nbsp;

<h5>4. Water Retention:The Bloating Factor</h5>

Water retention, often triggered by factors like high sodium intake or hormonal fluctuations, can obscure your weight loss progress. Focus on reducing sodium intake and staying hydrated to help minimize bloating. 
&nbsp;

<h5>5. Stress And Cortisol: Affecting Weight Loss</h5>

Chronic stress can elevate cortisol levels, which might contribute to weight loss resistance. Incorporate stress-reduction techniques like meditation, deep breathing, and adequate sleep to support your weight loss efforts. 
&nbsp;

<h5>6. Inadequate Sleep: A Barrier To Progress</h5>

Poor sleep disrupts hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism, potentially leading to weight gain or stalled weight loss. Prioritize sleep hygiene and aim for seven to nine hours of quality sleep each night. 
&nbsp;

<h5>7. Hidden Calories: Watch Out For Liquid Calories</h5>

Calories from beverages like sugary drinks, alcohol, and even certain coffees can accumulate unnoticed. Be mindful of liquid calorie consumption and opt for water, herbal tea, or low-calorie alternatives. 
&nbsp;

<h5>8. Medical Conditions: Consult A Professional</h5>

Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders or hormonal imbalances, can impact weight loss. If you suspect an underlying medical issue, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and guidance. 
&nbsp;

<h5>9. Mindless Snacking: Reevaluate Habits</h5>

Unconscious snacking or grazing can contribute to excess calorie intake. Practice mindful eating by planning structured meals and snacks, and avoid eating out of boredom or habit. 
&nbsp;

<h5>10. Lack Of Patience:Trust The Process</h5>

Weight loss is not always linear; progress can stall temporarily before resuming. Focusing on non-scale victories like improved energy levels, fitness gains, and enhanced mood can help you stay motivated during plateaus. 
&nbsp;

Hitting a <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/five-myths-about-weight-loss">weight loss</a> plateau is a common phase in the journey toward your goals. By identifying the factors that might be contributing to this stall and making strategic adjustments, you can revitalize your progress. Stay patient, stay committed, and trust that with the right approach, you&#39;ll break through this hurdle and continue on your path to success.

Rukhsana Rizwan

Debunking Assumptions: Weight Loss And Its Complex Relationship With Health

Weight loss is often hailed as a panacea for various health concerns, but the relationship between shedding pounds and achieving better health is far from simple. While weight loss can offer benefits, it&#39;s important to recognize that improved health isn&#39;t solely determined by the number on the scale. 
&nbsp;

Weight Loss Relationship with Health

<h5>1. The Health Illusion: Weight Loss Doesn&#39;t Guarantee Well-Being</h5>

Weight loss can indeed bring health improvements, but it&#39;s not a one-size-fits-all solution. Focusing solely on weight reduction can lead to a misconception that shedding pounds automatically leads to better health. Health is a multidimensional concept encompassing physical, mental, and emotional well-being. 
&nbsp;

<h5>2. Metabolic Health Vs. Weight Loss: A Nuanced Distinction</h5>

Metabolic health, which includes factors like blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and insulin sensitivity, is more closely linked to overall well-being than weight alone. Even people who are categorized as overweight or obese can have excellent metabolic health, while some individuals with a &quot;normal&quot; BMI might struggle with metabolic issues. 
&nbsp;

<h5>3. The Myth Of Uniform Outcomes: Genetics Matter</h5>

Genetics play a significant role in how our bodies respond to weight loss. Some people might experience significant health improvements with relatively modest weight loss, while others might not see the same benefits even after shedding a considerable amount of weight. Genetics influence how our bodies store and utilize fat, making outcomes variable. 
&nbsp;

<h5>4. Unintended Consequences: Weight Cycling And Health Risks</h5>

Rapid and repeated weight loss and gain, known as weight cycling or &quot;yo-yo dieting,&quot; can have negative effects on health. It&#39;s associated with metabolic disruptions, increased inflammation, and a higher risk of chronic conditions like heart disease and diabetes. Pursuing extreme weight loss measures without sustainability can lead to harmful consequences. 
&nbsp;

<h5>5. Mind And Body: Psychological Impact Of Weight Loss</h5>

Weight loss journeys can take a toll on mental health, with obsessive focus on the scale, body dissatisfaction, and unhealthy eating patterns. Prioritizing mental well-being is crucial; a negative relationship with food and body image can counteract potential health benefits. 
&nbsp;

<h5>6. Healthy Habits Over Weight Loss: Lifestyle Matters</h5>

Adopting healthy lifestyle habits, such as balanced eating, regular physical activity, and stress management, can lead to improved health regardless of weight changes. Focusing on cultivating these habits, rather than fixating on weight loss, contributes to overall well-being. 
&nbsp;

<h5>7. Holistic Approach: Weight Loss As Part Of A Larger Picture</h5>

Weight loss, when pursued as part of a holistic health approach, can have positive effects. For individuals who are overweight or obese and experiencing health issues related to excess weight, supervised weight loss can be beneficial. However, it&#39;s essential to prioritize sustainable changes that promote overall health rather than pursuing rapid, short-term weight loss. 
&nbsp;

While weight loss can contribute to better health, it&#39;s essential to understand that the relationship between the two is intricate and influenced by numerous factors. A focus solely on shedding pounds can overshadow the bigger picture of well-being, including metabolic health, mental health, and overall lifestyle choices. Rather than chasing weight loss as the ultimate goal, prioritize sustainable habits that promote physical and mental health, recognizing that true wellness extends far beyond the scale.

Weight Loss Tips: Avoid These 8 Habits Slowing Down Your Metabolism

A healthy metabolism is a cornerstone of effective weight loss. While factors like genetics and age play a role, your daily habits can significantly influence how efficiently your metabolism functions. Let&#39;s explore eight common habits that may be unintentionally slowing down your metabolism. 
&nbsp;

Fitness Goals

<h5>1. Skipping Breakfast: The Importance Of Kickstarting Your Day</h5>

Skipping breakfast might seem like a way to cut calories, but it can actually hinder your metabolism. Eating a balanced breakfast jumpstarts your metabolism after a night&#39;s rest, providing the energy your body needs to tackle the day ahead. 
&nbsp;

<h5>2. Skimping On Protein: The Building Blocks Of Metabolism</h5>

Protein plays a crucial role in boosting your metabolism. It requires more energy to digest than carbohydrates or fats, contributing to the thermic effect of food (TEF). Incorporate lean protein sources like chicken, fish, legumes, and dairy into your meals to rev up your metabolism. 
&nbsp;

<h5>3. Neglecting Strength Training: Muscle Matters</h5>

Lack of muscle mass can slow down your metabolism. Engaging in regular strength training helps build lean muscle, which increases your resting metabolic rate. Don&#39;t shy away from lifting weights or doing bodyweight exercises to maintain and enhance your muscle mass. 
&nbsp;

<h5>4. Irregular Meal Patterns: Consistency Is Key</h5>

Erratic eating patterns, such as skipping meals or eating at irregular intervals, can disrupt your metabolism. Aim for consistent meal times to keep your metabolism active and prevent energy dips that can slow down calorie burning. 
&nbsp;

<h5>5. Dehydration: Water&#39;s Role In Metabolic Efficiency</h5>

<a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/dehydration">Dehydration</a> can affect your metabolism&#39;s efficiency. Staying hydrated is essential for various bodily functions, including digestion and energy production. Drinking enough water also helps control appetite, making it easier to manage portion sizes and avoid overeating. 
&nbsp;

<h5>6. Inadequate Sleep: The Slumber-Metabolism Connection</h5>

Lack of sleep can impair your metabolism. Sleep deprivation disrupts hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism, leading to increased cravings and slower calorie burn. Prioritize quality sleep to support a healthy metabolism. 
&nbsp;

<h5>7. Mindless Snacking: The Impact On Total Caloric Intake</h5>

Mindless snacking throughout the day can add up, affecting your overall caloric intake. Opt for planned, nutrient-dense snacks that provide sustained energy and avoid mindless munching on empty calories. 
&nbsp;

<h5>8. Sedentary Lifestyle: Movement Ignites Metabolism</h5>

Leading a sedentary lifestyle can significantly slow down your metabolism. Incorporate regular physical activity into your routine to keep your metabolism active and burn calories. Whether it&#39;s walking, cycling, dancing, or even standing while working, every bit of movement counts. 
&nbsp;

Revitalizing your metabolism involves more than just diet adjustments; it requires cultivating a lifestyle that supports your weight loss goals. By avoiding these common habits that slow down metabolism, you can empower your body to burn calories more efficiently and achieve lasting success on your weight loss journey. Remember, small changes can lead to significant results, so start implementing these tips today to unlock the full potential of your metabolism.

Unveiling The Weight Loss Struggles Unique To Women

<a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/the-truth-about-weight-loss-35086">Weight loss</a> is a universal pursuit, but it&#39;s important to acknowledge that men and women can experience this journey differently. Biological, hormonal, and societal factors contribute to unique weight loss challenges that women often encounter. 
&nbsp;

Weight Loss Struggles to Women

<h5>1. Hormonal Rollercoaster: Influence Of Menstrual Cycles</h5>

Women&#39;s hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle can impact weight loss efforts. Hormones like estrogen and progesterone can influence appetite, energy levels, and water retention. During certain phases, cravings for high-calorie foods might intensify, making it challenging to adhere to a strict diet. 
&nbsp;

<h5>2. Metabolism Matters: Gender Differences</h5>

Men and women have different metabolic rates due to variations in muscle mass and body composition. Men generally have a higher percentage of lean muscle, which burns more calories at rest. Women, on the other hand, tend to have a higher percentage of body fat, leading to a slightly slower metabolism. This can make weight loss more gradual for women. 
&nbsp;

<h5>3. Emotional Eating And Stress: The Female Connection</h5>

Women often have a higher susceptibility to emotional eating due to hormonal fluctuations, societal pressures, and emotional sensitivity. Stress can trigger overeating or indulging in comfort foods, creating a challenging cycle to break. Developing healthy coping mechanisms and mindfulness techniques becomes crucial in managing these triggers. 
&nbsp;

<h5>4. Societal Pressure And Body Image: Psychological Impact</h5>

Societal norms and cultural expectations can significantly affect a woman&#39;s perception of her body. The pressure to conform to unrealistic beauty standards can lead to distorted body image and negative self-talk. These emotional barriers can hinder weight loss efforts as they impact confidence and motivation. 
&nbsp;

<h5>5. Pregnancy And Postpartum Challenges</h5>

The journey into motherhood brings its own set of weight-related challenges. Pregnancy weight gain, postpartum hormonal changes, and the demands of caring for a newborn can complicate weight loss efforts. Finding time for exercise and proper nutrition amidst the demands of motherhood can be particularly tough. 
&nbsp;

<h5>6. Menopause And Age-Related Changes</h5>

As women age, hormonal shifts associated with menopause can lead to weight gain, especially around the abdomen. The decline in estrogen levels can slow down metabolism and make weight loss more difficult. This phase requires adjustments to dietary habits and exercise routines to counteract these changes effectively. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Holistic Approach: Addressing Mind And Body</h5>

Recognize that successful weight loss encompasses mental, emotional, and physical well-being. Prioritize self-care, stress management, and body positivity. Fostering a healthy relationship with your body and your goals can lead to more sustainable weight loss. 
&nbsp;

<h5>&nbsp;Individualized Plans: Embrace Personalization</h5>

Work with healthcare professionals to create a weight loss plan tailored to your body and lifestyle. Your unique hormonal profile, metabolism, and health considerations should inform your approach. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Mindful Eating: Tapping Into Awareness</h5>

Practice mindful eating to understand hunger cues, emotional triggers, and satiety levels. This awareness can help you make informed choices and prevent overeating. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Strength Training: Building Lean Muscle</h5>

Incorporate strength training into your routine to build lean muscle mass. This boosts metabolism and helps counteract the gender-related differences in metabolism and body composition. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Support Systems: Seek Encouragement</h5>

Join weight loss groups, connect with friends who share similar goals, or consider professional counseling. Surrounding yourself with supportive individuals can make the journey less isolating and more empowering. 
&nbsp;

While women may encounter unique obstacles on their weight loss journey, these challenges can be met with determination, self-compassion, and a strategic approach. By acknowledging the biological and societal factors that contribute to weight loss struggles, women can develop personalized strategies that empower them to achieve their goals while prioritizing overall well-being. Remember, the journey is as important as the destination, and each step forward is a testament to your strength and resilience.

Navigating Diet Sabotage: When Friends And Family Affect Your Weight Loss Goals

When striving for weight loss, having a strong support system can provide motivation and encouragement. Unfortunately, even well-intentioned friends and family members can unknowingly undermine your efforts. Let&#39;s delve into the ways their actions and attitudes might inadvertently sabotage your diet. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>The Generous Hosts: You&#39;ve likely encountered those who express their love and care through food. While their intentions are genuine, constant offers of high-calorie treats can pose a challenge. Politely declining or suggesting healthier alternatives can help navigate such situations without straying from your goals. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Peer Pressure Persists: Friends who aren&#39;t on a <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/the-truth-about-weight-loss-35086">weight loss</a> journey might not understand the impact of their encouragement to indulge. Learning to assertively communicate your intentions and preferences can help you navigate social gatherings without feeling coerced into unhealthy eating choices. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

strategies for health goal

<ul>
	<li>The &quot;Expert&quot; Family Member: Every family has a self-proclaimed health expert who is quick to offer unsolicited diet advice. While their intentions may be well-meaning, their advice might not align with your personalized plan. Politely acknowledging their input while staying true to your strategy is key. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Comparisons And Critiques: Friends and family who constantly compare your progress to others&#39; can create unnecessary pressure. Remember, your journey is unique, and comparing yourself to others can lead to frustration. Politely setting boundaries and focusing on your own progress can help counteract these influences. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Traditional Feasting: Cultural or family traditions often involve lavish feasts and indulgent dishes. Navigating these situations can be tricky, but open communication and finding compromises that align with your goals can help you maintain both your health and your connection to your culture or family. 
&nbsp;

&quot;Food Equals Love&quot; Mentality: Some friends and family members equate food with love, which can lead to an overabundance of treats. Gently explaining that your well-being is a priority, and suggesting non-food ways of bonding, can help reshape this mindset over time. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Emotional Eating Triggers: Emotional eating can often be triggered by family dynamics, stress, or challenging relationships. Friends and family might unknowingly contribute to these triggers. Identifying your emotional eating patterns and seeking healthier coping mechanisms can mitigate their impact. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>The Unsolicited Comfort: During times of stress, friends and family might offer comfort in the form of calorie-laden treats. Communicating your need for support without the food component can lead to more meaningful interactions. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Passive Aggressive Remarks: Negative or passive-aggressive comments about your body or progress can erode your self-confidence. Remember that your journey is about your well-being, and focusing on your positive changes can help you rise above these discouragements. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Setting Realistic Expectations: Sometimes, loved ones may unintentionally place unrealistic expectations on you or your weight loss. Setting clear and achievable goals, and educating them about the process, can help manage their expectations and maintain a positive atmosphere. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Open Communication: Address the issue directly with your loved ones. Explain your goals and why their support matters to you. A candid conversation can foster understanding and cooperation. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Set Boundaries: Politely communicate your boundaries and preferences when it comes to food-related interactions. Let them know you appreciate their consideration for your choices. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Educate And Involve: Share your knowledge about healthy eating and the science behind your choices. Involving your friends and family in your journey can lead to greater support and empathy. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Lead By Example: Your dedication can inspire others. Show them the positive effects of your lifestyle changes, both physically and emotionally. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Suggest Alternative Activities: Propose non-food-related activities for bonding, like taking walks, trying a new workout class, or engaging in a hobby together. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

While friends and family can play a pivotal role in your weight loss journey, their actions and attitudes might not always align with your goals. Recognizing these unintentional sabotages and proactively addressing them can lead to healthier relationships and greater success on your path to well-being. Remember, your journey is about self-improvement, and with effective communication and strategic planning, you can stay focused on your goals while maintaining meaningful connections.

With &lsquo;globesity&rsquo; &ndash; the global epidemic of <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">obesity</a> and overweight &ndash; taking over the world, multiple countries have begun employing policies and campaigns to stop its spread. As of 2000, there are more than 300 million obese adults worldwide according to the World Health Organization<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.&nbsp;

Obesity was once considered a disease plaguing high-income countries. However, significant escalations now have also been noted in low- and middle-income countries<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. An estimated 115 million people in developing countries suffer from obesity-related problems<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.&nbsp;

With the increasing number of obese people, several approaches cropped up left, right, and center, each claiming to be different and better than its predecessor in treating obesity. Most of the time, however, these techniques (which include lifestyle changes and medications) are unable to solve the problem. Therefore, doctors then switch to more drastic measures, such as surgical procedures.&nbsp;

The American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) recommends weight loss surgery for adults with a BMI of 30-35 kg/m2, and who either suffer from obesity-related comorbidity (e.g., diabetes) or who haven&rsquo;t seen significant results from lifestyle changes (e.g., healthy diet and exercise)<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Understanding Weight Loss Surgery Options

The type of weight-loss surgery a surgeon recommends will be based on several factors, such as the patient&rsquo;s history of abdominal procedures, their health needs, and their preferences.&nbsp;

Weight-loss surgeries can be divided into the following:

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Restrictive Surgeries</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Restrictive surgeries reduce the size of the stomach, thereby, limiting the amount of food a person eats. Post-surgery, patients normally eat only about three-quarters of a cup of food. Restrictive procedures have fewer side effects compared to bypass surgeries. However, they are less successful since overeating stretches the gastric pouch over time, causing it to hold more food.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Malabsorptive/Restrictive Surgeries</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

​​​​​​​These procedures often bypass a part of the digestive tract, limiting the number of calories absorbed by the body. However, malabsorptive surgeries are rarely conducted today due to their side effects.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Implantable Device<a href="#accordion">[4]</a></h5>
	</li>
</ul>

<a href="#accordion">​​​​​​​</a>This is a relatively new method and involves implanting an electrical device within the patient&rsquo;s stomach, near the vagus nerve. Also known as a gastric pacemaker, it produces electric stimulation that controls the communication between the brain and the stomach, thus, reducing appetite and leading to a feeling of fullness and satiety.

&nbsp;

Weight-loss surgery is not only to help the patients achieve a healthy weight but also to treat obesity-related diseases. The three most commonly performed weight loss surgeries are gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, and gastric bypass. They are usually done laparoscopically; however, open surgery may be preferred if the patient presents with a history of gastric surgery, severe obesity, and other medical problems.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

This is a type of restrictive surgery where the surgeon places a silicon ring on the top part of the stomach. As a result, the stomach is divided into two parts &ndash; a small pouch above the ring and a larger part below, both connected via a small channel.&nbsp;

Creating the pouch reduces gastric emptying from the small pouch. The ring is adjustable and can be resized to further restrict the stomach size. Due to the creation of a small pouch, the patient feels full after just half or one cup of food. Also, overeating or eating too quickly causes vomiting.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Advantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Adjustable gastric banding is a simpler procedure as compared to other surgical interventions. It has fewer post-op complications and promises a faster recovery for the patient. Also, it poses the least risk of vitamin and nutritional deficiencies for anyone opting for weight-loss surgery. Furthermore, it is reversible; so, if there&rsquo;s any discomfort, health risk, or a change of mind, the patient can easily ask their doctor to remove the band.&nbsp; &nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Disadvantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The weight loss is slow and the results vary compared to the other procedures. So, it may not turn out to be as effective for someone who wants a quick fix or wants to lose a significant amount of weight; people tend to lose motivation over time or they start to feel uncomfortable carrying the ring inside their bodies. It is definitely not recommended for a patient with type 2 diabetes since the success rate may be low. Moreover, the band requires multiple adjustments and, even then, there is always the risk of band slippage. Besides, adjustable gastric banding is associated with enlargement of the esophagus, which means there may be swallowing problems post-surgery. 
&nbsp;

Also called &lsquo;vertical sleeve gastrectomy&rsquo;, the laparoscopic procedure removes approximately 80% of the stomach, leaving behind a banana-sized stomach<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. The remaining stomach or sleeve is closed with staples and is connected to the intestines. Since the size of the stomach is reduced, the patient feels full sooner. This is because the part of the stomach responsible for producing the hunger hormone is affected which, in turn, affects the metabolism rate so the patient experiences a reduced appetite.&nbsp;Common complications include leaking of the sleeve, infections, and blood clots.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Advantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

One of the pros of this procedure is that it is effective in extremely obese patients who have high-risk medical conditions. It is simpler and shorter than other weight-loss surgeries, and it is also possible for a patient to have gastric sleeve gastrectomy before a gastric bypass.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Disadvantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

It may lead to heartburn in some individuals, and it may be less effective as compared to bypass procedures. Additionally, it is irreversible. 
&nbsp;

This is a combination of the restrictive and malabsorptive procedures. The laparoscopic procedure has 3 steps:&nbsp;

1. The stomach is divided into two portions &ndash; a small pouch in the upper portion and a larger part below.&nbsp;

2. The intestines are also divided into two parts, and the lower part is connected to the small stomach pouch for allowing food to pass. As a result, the food bypasses part of the stomach and intestines. Thus, fewer calories are absorbed from the food.&nbsp;

3. The upper part of the small intestine is connected further down to the lower part. This allows the passage of gastric juices to the lower part so the food is fully digested.&nbsp;

Common risks associated with the procedure include more chances of infections and blood clots. Moreover, rapid weight loss can also lead to gallstones in patients.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Advantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The best thing about it is, obviously, rapid weight loss. What&rsquo;s more, it&rsquo;s effective for diabetic patients and also for those who suffer from obesity-related conditions, like sleep apnea, high cholesterol, and heartburn.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Disadvantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The procedure has more disadvantages than advantages to its credit. It is complex; it increases the risk of intestinal complications; and nutritional deficiencies are common post-surgery. Another thing that patients opting for gastric bypass suffer from is the dumping syndrome, i.e., feeling sick after consuming carb-rich foods. 
&nbsp;

An electrical device is implanted under the ribcage. It sends electrical impulses to the vagus nerve to inform the brain that the stomach is full. A remote control, present outside the body, helps operate the device.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Advantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

This procedure is less invasive compared to other surgical interventions. Consequently, the risk of any post-op complications, like an infection, is low.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Disadvantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

A major downside is that since it&rsquo;s an electrical device, the patient may need to reprogram its battery frequently. Side effects include vomiting, nausea, heartburn, chest pain, and problems in swallowing. 
&nbsp;

Similar to the sleeve gastrectomy procedure, the BPD-DS surgery entails two steps. The surgeon first creates a small stomach pouch. Next, they separate the duodenum (first part of the small intestine) from the stomach and the remaining part of the small intestine is connected to the stomach pouch only. As a result, the food bypasses more than 75% of the small intestine&nbsp;and the number of nutrients and calories absorbed from the food decreases<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Advantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

BPD-DS is most effective for obese and type 2 diabetics. It allows for an even greater weight loss than gastric bypass and patients are able to eat larger meals as compared to restrictive procedures.&nbsp;&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Disadvantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

It&rsquo;s a complex surgical procedure, which may cause dumping syndrome. There are increased bowel movements as well as more incidents of nutritional deficiencies and malabsorption, which implies that the patient has to be more careful with their diet.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

This procedure is similar to BPD-DS, except that only one bowel connection is made in SADI-S. A loop of the intestine is connected to the small tube-shaped gastric pouch. As a result, food directly bypasses this part of the small intestine, where it mixes with digestive juices from the duodenum and ileum.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Advantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

This is a simpler and less time-consuming procedure than BPD-DS. Also, it&rsquo;s effective for diabetic patients, helping them maintain optimal blood sugar levels.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Disadvantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Patients struggle with more frequent bowel movements along with vitamin and mineral deficiencies.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

This is a restrictive weight loss procedure and involves the placement of a deflated balloon within the stomach. Once the balloon is in place, it is inflated to create a sense of fullness. As a result, hunger is reduced.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Advantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The only good thing about this procedure is that it does not necessitate surgery or a stay at the hospital.

&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Disadvantages</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The balloon is temporary and has to be removed anywhere between 6 months and 1 year. There are also side effects, like stomach ache, nausea, and vomiting, that are common after the procedure. A gastric balloon procedure is not recommended for people with an intestinal disease or liver failure. 
&nbsp;

While weight-loss surgery may sound like a miracle cure for obesity, it is not that simple. Several different factors determine a person&rsquo;s recovery and weight loss.

Generally, here&rsquo;s what to expect after surgery:

<ul>
	<li>It&rsquo;s ideal to start&nbsp;with a liquid diet after surgery.</li>
	<li>After a few weeks, patients can shift to a soft diet, which consists of soup, yogurt, and cheese.</li>
	<li>The emphasis is mostly on small meals after weight-loss surgery.</li>
	<li>Doctors also recommend vitamin supplements and protein shakes to counter any nutritional deficiencies.</li>
	<li>According to a study, it&rsquo;s possible to lose anywhere between 38 and 87 pounds a year after surgery<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>.</li>
	<li>Periodic blood tests help monitor mineral and vitamin levels.</li>
	<li>It should be kept in mind that loose skin folds may appear, especially when there&rsquo;s&nbsp;significant weight loss. Hence, additional surgery for the sagging skin may be required. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

With the increasing obesity pandemic, it is important to educate the world, especially at-risk individuals, of possible treatment options and the risk of not making healthy lifestyle changes. Even though weight loss surgery can be highly effective in preventing obesity-related diseases, they are not a one-stop solution and they should never be the top-most priority when looking into treatments for weight loss.&nbsp;

<ul><li>Several different treatment approaches are advised to treat obesity. However, techniques like lifestyle changes and medications often fail to solve the problem in patients.</li><li>The American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) recommends weight-loss surgery for adults with a BMI of 30-35 kg/m2, who suffer from obesity-related comorbidity (e.g., diabetes) or who haven’t seen significant results from lifestyle changes (e.g., healthy diet and exercise).&nbsp;</li><li>The goal of weight loss surgery is not only to help the patients achieve a healthy weight, but also to treat obesity-related diseases.&nbsp;</li><li>Sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and gastric banding are the three most commonly performed weight loss surgeries.</li><li>A year after surgery, people can lose between 38 and 87 pounds.</li><li>Post-surgery, patients are typically kept on a liquid diet. After a few weeks, a soft diet consisting of soup, yogurt, and cheese is advised.</li><li>The diet should consist of small meals after weight loss surgery.&nbsp;</li><li>Doctors may also recommend vitamin supplements and protein shakes for countering any nutritional deficiencies.</li></ul>

[1] Controlling the global obesity epidemic. World Health Organization.

[2] The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Obesity: Another ongoing pandemic. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2021;6(6):411. doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00143-6

[3] Pratt JSA, Browne A, Browne NT, et al. ASMBS pediatric metabolic and bariatric surgery guidelines, 2018. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14(7):882-901. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2018.03.019