Madeeha Syed

Explore how obesity can alter your brain and impede weight loss efforts. Meri Sehat provides insights into the complex relationship between obesity and brain function.

How Obesity Can Alter Your Brain And Impede Weight Loss Efforts

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ZAKA CLINIC GULBERG LAHORE

Saad Ullah Siddiqui

Obesity And Breast Cancer

Introduction

However, the relationship between <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">obesity</a> and breast cancer is not straightforward. Research indicates that gaining weight as an adult increases the risk, but being overweight since childhood does not have the same effect. Additionally, excess fat around the waist will pose a greater risk than having it around the hips or thighs<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Understanding of the link between Obesity and Breast Cancer

A study using BMI and cancer incidence data found that around 37,670 new cases of cancer in men and 74,69 new cancer cases in women between 2011 and 2015 were due to excess body weight (i.e. overweight, obese, or morbidly obese)<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.

The percentage of cases due to excess weight varied across different types of cancer, with the highest number of cases of liver/gallbladder and endometrial cancers in women and esophageal adenocarcinoma in men. 
&nbsp;

Obesity is a well-established risk factor for various cancers in women. For instance, obese women are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. Moreover, they experience different treatment outcomes due to their body weight.

Both pre-and postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer due to increased body weight. However, it is believed that this risk may be lower in very young premenopausal women who have no family history of breast cancer and live in developed countries. Nevertheless, obese women, regardless of age, generally have poorer survival rates. 
&nbsp;

Obesity increases the risk of some cancers in the following ways<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>:

<ul>
	<li>Fat tissue produces excess estrogen, which is associated with increased risks of breast, endometrial, ovarian, and some other cancers.</li>
	<li>Obese people usually have increased blood levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1, which is responsible for the development of colon, kidney, prostate, and endometrial cancers.</li>
	<li>Obesity combined with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as gallstones or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, can cause oxidative stress and increase the risk of the biliary tract and other cancers.</li>
	<li>Fat cells produce hormones called adipokines that can stimulate or inhibit cell growth, with high levels of leptin promoting aberrant cell proliferation and low levels of adiponectin having antiproliferative effects that protect against tumor growth.</li>
	<li>Obesity increases risk through impaired tumor immunity and changes in the mechanical properties of the scaffolding tissue that surrounds developing tumors.</li>
	<li>A poor diet is also linked to obesity since it lacks essential nutrients for maintaining healthy cells and preventing cancer.</li>
	<li>Sedentary behavior and lack of physical activity are associated with an increased risk of obesity and breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Certain genetic factors make individuals more susceptible to obesity and breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obesity can lead to difficulties in cancer screening and management. For instance, screening for cervical cancer is not very effective in obese women. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Note: While obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, not all obese individuals develop breast cancer. Other factors, such as age, family history, and lifestyle choices, can also influence an individual&#39;s risk of breast cancer. 
&nbsp;

Observational studies suggest that obese people losing excess weight can reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, such as breast, endometrial, colon, and prostate cancers. However, these studies cannot prove that obesity causes cancer, and caution should be exercised in interpreting their findings.

In a study of postmenopausal women, intentional weight loss of more than 5% of body weight was associated with a lower risk of obesity-related cancers, especially endometrial cancer. 
&nbsp;

Bariatric surgery among obese people, particularly women, was associated with reduced risks of cancer overall, hormone-related cancers, and obesity-related cancers such as postmenopausal breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and colon cancer.

Nevertheless, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between weight loss and the risk of cancer among obese people<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Losing weight can improve overall health:

<ul>
	<li>Reduces risk of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer</li>
	<li>Lowers blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels</li>
	<li>Decreases strain on joints, hence, reducing pain and improving mobility</li>
	<li>Improves sleep quality and reduces the risk of sleep apnea</li>
	<li>Improves mood and decreases risk of depression and anxiety</li>
	<li>Increases energy levels and improves physical performance</li>
	<li>Reduces risk of pregnancy complications and infertility</li>
	<li>Improves immune function and reduces inflammation</li>
	<li>Improves brain function and cognitive performance 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

An effective way to reduce weight includes a combination of a healthy diet, regular exercise, and lifestyle changes. Here are some specific tips that can help<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>:

Eat A Balanced And Nutritious Diet: It&rsquo;s important to eat a balanced diet, which includes plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Avoid processed and high-calorie foods.

Control Portion Sizes: Use smaller plates and cups, and measure the portions to avoid overeating.

Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water and avoid sugary drinks.

Exercise Regularly: At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise every day, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming, is recommended.

Be Active: Find ways to stay active throughout the day. For instance, take the stairs instead of the elevator or walk during lunch breaks.

Get Enough Sleep: Aim for at least 7-8 hours of sleep every night, as lack of sleep can affect weight loss.

Manage Stress: Stress can contribute to weight gain, so find ways to manage stress, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises.

Seek Support: A registered dietitian or a personal trainer can help develop a personalized weight loss plan and provide support and accountability. 
&nbsp;

Conclusion

Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This is thought to be because adipose tissue produces estrogen, which can promote the growth of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. Additionally, obesity can lead to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance; both increase the risk of breast cancer. 
&nbsp;

However, the relationship between obesity and breast cancer is complex and not fully understood. Other factors, such as age, family history of breast cancer, and hormone therapy use, can also affect a woman&#39;s risk of developing breast cancer. Therefore, women should maintain a healthy weight and engage in regular physical activity to reduce their risk of breast cancer and other health problems. Additionally, regular breast cancer screening, such as mammograms, can help detect breast cancer early when it is most treatable. 
&nbsp;

Key Takeaways

<ul>
	<li>Obesity is a major risk factor for breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal women.</li>
	<li>Excess body fat can cause hormonal imbalances that increase the risk of breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obesity can also lead to inflammation, which can promote the development of breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obese women are more likely to have larger tumors and more aggressive forms of breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obesity can reduce the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment and increase the risk of recurrence.</li>
	<li>Losing weight can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in postmenopausal women.</li>
	<li>Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise can reduce the risk of breast cancer.</li>
	<li>Obese women may have difficulty detecting breast cancer through self-examination or mammography.</li>
	<li>Breast cancer survivors who are overweight or obese have a higher risk of recurrence and lower survival rates.</li>
	<li>Addressing obesity through lifestyle changes and medical interventions can improve overall health and reduce the risk of breast cancer. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

[1] How your weight may affect your risk of breast cancer. American Cancer Society.

[2] Obesity and cancer fact sheet. National Cancer Institute.

[3] Health effects of overweight and obesity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[4] Clinics in oncology research article.

Sarah Mhowwala

Childhood Obesity And PCOS

I need you to picture a room full of kids. Can you hear the giggles, the screams,&nbsp; the energy just bouncing off the walls? Innocence personified, right? But here&#39;s the twist &ndash; among those chubby faces lies a concern that&#39;s quietly but steadily on the rise - childhood <a href="merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">obesity</a>. It&#39;s not just about having a bit of baby fat; it&#39;s a complex puzzle where extra pounds come together with health risks that might surprise you. 
&nbsp;

Understanding the Impact of Childhood Obesity on PCOS

With the ongoing climate change, wars, financial crises, and political unrest, food shortage has become a real dilemma among millions worldwide. And while that translates to more underweight and malnourished children, it seems that another form of malnutrition seems to be coexisting with undernutrition - obesity. Notably, overweight and obesity are responsible for more deaths globally than underweight<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there seems to be a global epidemic of overweight and obesity, or &lsquo;globesity&rsquo;<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. Although once considered to affect high-income countries, the obesity epidemic is now on the rise in middle- and low-income countries. 
&nbsp;

As per recent estimates, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has tripled over the past thirty years<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.&nbsp; In 2016, there were more than 1.9 billion overweight adults, of which 650 million were obese. However, adults are not the only ones getting affected by globesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has risen among children and adolescents as well. From 4% in 1975 to over 18% in 2016, childhood obesity has seen a sharp rise worldwide<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Childhood obesity is more than just a few extra pounds. It&#39;s a complex health challenge where excess body weight can significantly impair one&rsquo;s health. The perfect storm for childhood obesity brews from a blend of factors &ndash; a diet heavy in processed foods, lack of physical activity, genetics, and the environments in which children live. But the repercussions are more than skin deep. Childhood obesity isn&#39;t just about appearances; it can lead to immediate health risks such as diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and a range of social and psychological challenges.

&nbsp;

In 2019, approximately 38.2 million children under the age of 5 years were obese or overweight<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. With the rising prevalence of childhood obesity, researchers are concerned that the prevalence and severity of another disorder may also be increasing in parallel - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).

Approximately 80% of women with PCOS are also obese<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. And while the two are linked, it is believed that childhood obesity may also be contributing to the rising prevalence of PCOS among women. 
&nbsp;

PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age, leading to symptoms like irregular periods, ovarian cysts, and hormonal imbalances. Its long-term health implications include infertility, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular problems. While the exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, researchers have identified a strong association between obesity and the development and severity of PCOS, particularly during adolescence.

A recent study revealed a higher prevalence of PCOS among obese or overweight pubertal patients than adults<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.The connection between childhood obesity and PCOS in adolescents is rooted in a complex interplay of hormonal and metabolic factors<a href="#accordion">[4][5]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Adolescence is a critical period for the development of both obesity and PCOS. During this time, hormonal changes, growth spurts, and metabolic shifts are occurring rapidly. Childhood obesity, characterized by excess body fat, can disrupt these normal processes and contribute to the hormonal imbalances that are central to the development of PCOS.

One key mechanism linking childhood obesity to PCOS is insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, but in obesity, cells become less responsive to its effects, leading to elevated insulin levels. This insulin resistance can trigger the ovaries to produce higher levels of androgens, such as testosterone. Elevated androgen levels disrupt the normal menstrual cycle and can lead to symptoms like irregular periods, acne, and excessive hair growth &ndash; all characteristic features of PCOS. 
&nbsp;

Moreover, adipose tissue (fat) itself is metabolically active and secretes various hormones and signaling molecules known as adipokines. In obese adolescents, especially those with central obesity (excess fat around the abdomen), there is an altered secretion of these adipokines. Some of these adipokines, such as omentin-1, are thought to influence androgen levels. Research has shown that omentin-1 levels are negatively correlated with free testosterone levels in obese girls with PCOS. This suggests that the adipose tissue in these individuals might contribute to the hormonal imbalances observed in PCOS<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.

Pubertal obesity can also exacerbate insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia commonly seen in PCOS. This contributes to the persistence of hormonal imbalances and can further aggravate hyperandrogenism. Early puberty, which often accompanies obesity, can also play a role. Obesity-related factors may influence the timing of puberty, leading to an earlier onset, and this premature hormonal activation could contribute to the development of PCOS. 
&nbsp;

Overall, the relationship between childhood obesity and PCOS in adolescents is complex and multifactorial. While not all obese individuals will develop PCOS, the increased prevalence of hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and disrupted adipokine profiles in obesity creates an environment conducive to the development of this syndrome.

Therefore, addressing childhood obesity through early interventions, such as promoting a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and weight management, is crucial for reducing the risk and severity of PCOS in adolescents. 
&nbsp;

Childhood obesity is a growing concern that not only affects a child&#39;s current health but can also have long-term consequences, including an increased risk of conditions like PCOS in adulthood. As parents, you play a crucial role in shaping your child&#39;s habits and setting them on a path to a healthier future. Here are some tips to help you manage and prevent childhood obesity:

<ul>
	<li>Be A&nbsp;Healthy Role Model - Children often imitate their parent&#39;s behaviors. Show your commitment to a healthy lifestyle by eating nutritious foods, staying active, and managing stress effectively. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Balanced Meals - Serve a variety of foods from different food groups at each meal. Include colorful fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats. Make mealtime a family affair and involve your child in meal planning and preparation. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Smart Snacking - Keep nutritious snacks like cut-up fruits, veggies, yogurt, or nuts readily available. Avoid stocking up on sugary or high-calorie snacks to reduce temptation. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Limit Sugary Drinks - Encourage water, milk, or naturally flavored water over sugary drinks. Limiting soda and fruit juices can significantly reduce your child&#39;s calorie intake. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Active Playtime - Create opportunities for your child to be active daily. Whether it&#39;s playing in the park, riding bikes, or dancing around the living room, make physical activity enjoyable. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Screen Time Rules - Set limits on screen time for TV, video games, and smartphones. Encourage your child to engage in outdoor play, sports, and other active hobbies. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Family Activities - Plan family outings that involve physical activity, such as hiking, swimming, or playing a sport together. These activities promote bonding while keeping everyone active. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sleep Well - Ensure your child gets enough sleep each night. A consistent sleep schedule supports healthy growth and helps regulate appetite. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Teach Portion Control - Help your child understand portion sizes and listen to their body&#39;s hunger cues. Avoid using food as a reward or a way to comfort emotions. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Open Conversations - Talk openly with your child about the importance of making healthy choices. Focus on the benefits of feeling strong, energetic, and confident. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Remember, the journey to managing and preventing childhood obesity is about making gradual, sustainable changes as a family. Celebrate small victories along the way and provide plenty of encouragement and support. By instilling healthy habits early on, you&#39;re giving your child the tools they need for a lifetime of well-being. 
&nbsp;

In the world of growing complexities, the connection between childhood obesity and PCOS has unveiled an important truth: our children&#39;s health today shapes their tomorrows. Childhood obesity isn&#39;t just about a number on a scale; it&#39;s a potential gateway to a life impacted by PCOS and its challenges.

[1] Controlling the global obesity epidemic. World Health Organization.

[2] Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization.

[3] T M Barber, Why are women with polycystic ovary syndrome obese?, British Medical Bulletin, Volume 143, Issue 1, September 2022, Pages 4–15, DOI:10.1093/bmb/ldac007

[4] Anderson AD, Solorzano CM, McCartney CR. Childhood obesity and its impact on the development of adolescent PCOS. Semin Reprod Med. 2014;32(3):202-213. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1371092

[5] Fu L, Qu F, Pan J, Wang T, Wang F. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents with obesity. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2021;67(3):468-473. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20200890

Nimrah H. Sattar

A. JABBAR DENTAL CLINIC KARACHI

Sadia Khan

From Genes to Jeans: How To Beat Obesity For Good

Are you fat or are you obese? Is it due to your lifestyle or something more serious like an underlying cause &ndash; an illness or, perhaps, your genes? Can you ever overcome it or is it useless to even hope? Let&rsquo;s find out! 
&nbsp;

Understanding Link Between Genes And Weight

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a BMI of 30 or higher classifies an individual as obese.

The global rise in obesity has turned it into a major public health issue. The WHO reports that the global prevalence of <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">obesity</a> has nearly tripled since 1975. As of 2021, over 650 million adults were classified as obese.<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>

It is associated with numerous health risks, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. What makes it complex is the fact that the condition is influenced by a variety of factors, the most important of which is genetics. 
&nbsp;

In layman&rsquo;s terms, a genetic predisposition means there is an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease or condition based on your genetic makeup. So, take obesity for instance, if certain genes are present in your DNA, then there is a higher chance you would be obese compared to someone without those genes.

Research indicates that genetics increases your risk for obesity by 40-70%; hence, its importance.<a href="#accordion">[2]</a> Your genes influence your metabolic rate, fat storage, appetite, and food preferences.

To date, around 250 genetic variants are associated with obesity.<a href="#accordion">[3]</a> These variants affect pathways related to energy balance, lipid metabolism, and the formation of fat cells. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>FTO Gene</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The FTO gene is one of the most well-studied genetic contributors to obesity. Certain variants of the FTO gene increase the risk of obesity due to increased appetite and caloric intake.

A study found that individuals with two copies of the risk allele (variant) of the FTO gene weighed about 3 kg more than those without the risk allele.<a href="#accordion">[4]</a> 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>LEPR Gene</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Mutations in the LEPR gene can lead to leptin resistance, a condition where the brain does not respond to leptin signals, resulting in overeating and weight gain. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>MC4R Gene</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) gene plays a key role in regulating hunger and energy expenditure. Mutations in the MC4R gene are linked to severe obesity, starting in early childhood.

One study reported that individuals with MC4R mutations had significantly higher BMI and body fat percentages compared to those without the mutations.<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>

Generally, having a genetic predisposition doesn&#39;t guarantee that you will develop the condition; it simply means you are more susceptible to it. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and other variables also play a significant role in whether the condition actually manifests. It&rsquo;s like there&rsquo;s no escaping it if you&rsquo;re genetically inclined to obesity, but you can manage it by keeping other factors under control. 
&nbsp;

Changes in gene expression, without altering the DNA sequence, can be influenced by various environmental and lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, stress, and exposure to toxins. This is known as epigenetics.

Epigenetic modifications can turn genes on or off, affecting how cells function and how traits are expressed. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Diet And Nutrition</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Diet can significantly impact epigenetic markers. Diets high in fat and sugar can lead to increased fat storage and obesity.

Data suggests dietary patterns could influence DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mechanism that affects genes involved in metabolism and appetite regulation.<a href="#accordion">[6]</a> 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Physical Activity</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Regular physical activity can induce beneficial epigenetic changes that improve metabolic health and reduce the risk of obesity.

Moreover, it could modify the expression of genes related to inflammation and energy expenditure, promoting healthy weight loss. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Stress And Mental Health</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Chronic stress can lead to epigenetic modifications that increase the risk of obesity by influencing hormones like cortisol, which regulates appetite and fat storage.

Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness and meditation, have shown promising results in reversing some of these epigenetic changes and supporting healthy weight loss efforts. 
&nbsp;

Understanding the genetic basis of obesity can lead to more personalized and effective weight loss strategies. Here are some approaches: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Genetic Testing</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Genetic testing can identify specific genetic variants associated with obesity. Once you understand your predisposition, you can tailor your weight loss plans accordingly. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Dietary Adjustments</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Personalized nutrition plans tailored to an individual&rsquo;s genetic makeup can enhance weight loss. For example, if you have the FTO gene variant, you may benefit from a higher protein diet to reduce appetite and increase satiety.

Or, if your epigenetic markers indicate a high sensitivity to dietary fats, a low-fat diet can help you in managing obesity.

A study found that personalized diets based on genetic profiles led to greater weight loss compared to standard diets.<a href="#accordion">[7]</a> 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Exercise Regimens</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Similar to diet, genetics can also influence how your body responds to different types of exercise. Personalized exercise programs can maximize fat burning, muscle development, and overall fitness.

Integrating these insights into exercise prescriptions can enhance motivation and adherence to physical activity regimens. For example, the presence of epigenetic markers related to inflammation might allow your trainer to focus on low-impact exercises combined with anti-inflammatory diets. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Behavioral Interventions</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Behavioral strategies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing, can be customized based on genetic predispositions to address overeating and improve adherence to weight loss plans. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Medical And Pharmacological Treatments</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

Based on a specific genetic profile, your doctor may recommend certain medications and surgeries that would prove more effective for your weight loss. For instance, if you have leptin resistance, you may be prescribed leptin-mimetic drugs. 
&nbsp;

Innovations in genomic and epigenomic technologies are making it easier to analyze and interpret epigenetic data, paving the way for a more precise and personalized weight loss plan.

As the cost of testing decreases, these personalized approaches will become more accessible to a broader population and can be used to combat the obesity epidemic.

By considering individual genetic profiles, healthcare providers can develop more effective and sustainable weight management plans. Incorporating genetic testing, personalized nutrition, tailored exercise regimens, and customized behavioral interventions can significantly improve outcomes for individuals struggling with obesity. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Genetics play a significant role in predisposing individuals to obesity, with heritability estimates ranging from 40-70%.</li>
	<li>Specific genes, such as FTO, MC4R, and LEPR, have been identified as influencing appetite regulation, metabolism, and fat storage.</li>
	<li>Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, can alter gene expression related to obesity without changing the underlying DNA sequence.</li>
	<li>Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, stress, and environmental exposures can influence epigenetic marks and impact susceptibility to obesity.</li>
	<li>Tailored interventions may include customized diet plans, exercise regimens, and behavioral modifications based on genetic profiles and epigenetic markers.</li>
	<li>Integrating genetic information into public health initiatives can improve obesity prevention and management strategies.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

[1] Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism. 2022;133:155217.

[2] McPherson R. Genetic contributors to obesity. Can J Cardiol. 2007;23 Suppl A(Suppl A):23A-27A.

[3] Tirthani E, Said MS, Rehman A. Genetics and Obesity. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

[4] Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, et al. A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science. 2007;316(5826):889-894.

[5] Adamska-Patruno E, Bauer W, Bielska D, et al. An Association between Diet and MC4R Genetic Polymorphism, in Relation to Obesity and Metabolic Parameters-A Cross Sectional Population-Based Study. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(21):12044. Published 2021 Nov 7.

[6] Smith ENL, Chandanathil M, Millis RM. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Obesity: Broadening Our Understanding of the Disease. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e47875. Published 2023 Oct 28

[7] Jinnette R, Narita A, Manning B, McNaughton SA, Mathers JC, Livingstone KM. Does Personalized Nutrition Advice Improve Dietary Intake in Healthy Adults? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(3):657-669.

Staff Writer

Overview

<a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">Obesity</a> has reached epidemic proportions globally, with far-reaching consequences for health and well-being. Beyond its obvious physical impact, recent studies have shown that obesity can exert a profound influence on the brain, altering its structure and function in ways that hinder weight loss efforts. Understanding the intricate relationship between obesity and the brain is essential for devising more effective strategies to combat this growing health crisis. 
&nbsp;

The Brain-Obesity Connection

<ul>
	<li>Rewiring Reward Pathways: One of the key areas affected by obesity in the brain is the reward system, which regulates feelings of pleasure and motivation. Research has shown that individuals with obesity exhibit altered reward circuitry, making them more susceptible to overeating calorie-rich foods. This rewiring leads to heightened cravings, making it harder to resist unhealthy options and contributing to the cycle of weight gain. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Hormonal Havoc: Obesity disrupts the delicate balance of hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism. Leptin, a hormone that signals satiety, becomes less effective in individuals with excess weight. Simultaneously, ghrelin, the hormone responsible for hunger stimulation, becomes more active. This hormonal imbalance creates a vicious cycle, where the brain misinterprets signals of fullness and perpetuates overeating. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Metabolic Adaptations: When a person attempts to lose weight, the brain interprets the calorie deficit as a threat to survival. As a protective mechanism, the brain triggers metabolic adaptations that lower the resting metabolic rate. This means that the body burns fewer calories at rest, making weight loss more difficult to sustain. These adaptations persist even after weight loss, increasing the likelihood of weight regain. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Increased Sensitivity To Food Cues: Brain imaging studies have revealed that individuals with obesity have heightened sensitivity to visual cues of food. Even after losing weight, the brain remains primed to respond strongly to these cues, triggering intense cravings and potentially leading to overconsumption. This phenomenon can make it challenging to stick to a healthy eating plan. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Neuroinflammation: Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation in the body, including the brain. This neuroinflammation has been linked to cognitive impairments, including difficulties in impulse control and decision-making. Such cognitive deficits can undermine weight loss efforts by making it harder to resist temptations and make healthy choices. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Executive Function And Self-Control: Recent studies indicate that obesity can compromise executive functions &ndash; cognitive processes responsible for self-control, planning, and decision-making. These functions are vital for adhering to a weight loss regimen, as they enable individuals to override impulsive urges and make strategic choices in line with their goals. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>The Gut-Brain Axis: Emerging research underscores the significance of the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication system between the gut and the brain. Gut hormones play a pivotal role in regulating appetite and metabolism, and their dysregulation in obesity can disrupt these essential functions. The altered signaling between the gut and the brain can perpetuate overeating and hinder weight loss progress. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Microbiome Imbalance: The gut microbiome, a diverse community of microorganisms residing in the digestive tract, also plays a role in obesity-related brain changes. Studies have linked an imbalanced microbiome to inflammation, insulin resistance, and even altered brain function. Restoring a healthy gut microbiome through dietary interventions may thus have a positive impact on weight loss outcomes. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Mindfulness And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Mindfulness techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help individuals with obesity develop greater awareness of their eating behaviors and emotional triggers. These strategies empower individuals to challenge automatic responses to food cues and build healthier habits over time. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Physical Activity And Brain Health: Regular physical activity has been shown to enhance brain plasticity and cognitive function. Engaging in exercise not only aids weight loss but also supports the brain&#39;s ability to adapt and rewire itself, potentially mitigating some of the cognitive effects of obesity. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Balancing The Microbiome: Adopting a diet rich in fiber, prebiotics, and probiotics can promote a healthy gut microbiome, which in turn may positively influence brain function. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiome could be a novel target for interventions aimed at improving both metabolic and cognitive aspects of obesity. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Bottom Line

The battle against obesity goes beyond calorie counting and exercise routines. Recent research illuminates the intricate relationship between obesity and the brain, uncovering mechanisms that make weight loss challenging for many individuals. By acknowledging the brain&#39;s role in the obesity equation, researchers and healthcare professionals can develop more comprehensive strategies that address both the physiological and cognitive aspects of weight management. Through a multi-faceted approach that integrates neuroscience, psychology, and nutrition, we can empower individuals to overcome the brain-related barriers to weight loss and achieve lasting well-being.