Humza Khizer

Discover the FAST acronym, a quick and easy way to recognize stroke symptoms. Get insights on the meaning of each letter and how to act fast in case of a stroke. Read more about stroke symptoms and the FAST acronym now.

Learn about the FAST Acronym for Identifying Stroke Symptoms

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Should You Act FAST Or FASTER?

AL SHIFA CLINIC KARACHI

Syed Intisar Hussain

What Does Your Blood Type Have To Do With Your Risk Of Stroke?

Introduction

Did you know that your blood type has a significant say in your susceptibility to <a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/stroke">stroke</a>? Well, yes that&#39;s true, and, as surprising as it may sound, recent research has proven that individuals with type A blood group have a 16% higher risk of early-onset stroke, whereas individuals with blood type O have a 12% reduced risk of early onset stroke<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

A study was conducted and data was collected from 48 genetic studies on the incidence of ischemic stroke in the adult population (aged 18-59 years). Ischemic stroke is caused by a clot in the blood vessel supplying the brain, thus, disrupting the blood flow to the brain tissue. The study revolved around 17,000 patients who have had a stroke in the past and 600,000 healthy individuals as controls who had no previous history of stroke 
.&nbsp;

The purpose of the study was to determine the genetic causes behind stroke since it was not known earlier and the results showed a significant correlation between an individual&#39;s blood type and the risk of early-onset stroke<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Understanding the Association Between Blood Groups and Risk of a Stroke

It is imperative to know about the different blood groups before discussing their linkage with stroke. 4 blood groups are known to exist in humans &ndash; A, B, AB, and O. The blood group O is the commonest while the blood group AB is the rarest blood type. Individuals inherit their blood group from their parents<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

These blood groups are determined based on the presence of antigen (a protein) on the surface of our red blood cells.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Type A: The A antigen is present on the surface of the red blood cell while the B antigen is present in the plasma.</li>
	<li>Type B: The B antigen is present on the surface of the red blood cell while the A antigen is present in the plasma.</li>
	<li>Type AB: Both A and B antigens are present on the surface of red blood cells and no antibody is present in the plasma.</li>
	<li>Type O: No antigen is present on the surface of the red blood cell; however, both A and B antigens are present in the plasma<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Individuals with blood type O are known as universal donors because they can donate blood to anyone, while individuals with blood type AB are known as universal recipients because they can receive any and all blood types<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

According to the study, early stroke is more common in individuals with type A blood and less common in individuals with type O blood as compared to individuals who have had late onset stroke and those who had no previous history of stroke. Moreover, individuals with type B blood group are more likely to have both early and late onset of strokes<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Now, you might be wondering how serious a stroke is? So, let&#39;s take a look into what stroke is and how serious it can be.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Stroke is referred to as a medical emergency since it can result in lifelong disability if prompt medical actions aren&#39;t taken<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. Strokes are mostly ischemic, but they can be hemorrhagic as well.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

In an ischemic stroke, there is blockage in a blood vessel supplying the brain. This disruption in the blood flow starves the brain tissue of oxygen and consequently results in the death of brain cells.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Since the brain is the control center of the body, any damage to the brain results in long-term consequences. For instance, after a stroke, people may experience blindness and problems with speech and memory. Individuals may also develop paralysis on the side of the body that is contralateral (opposite) to the site of stroke. That is, if an individual had a stroke in the right side of their brain, then the left side of their body would be paralyzed<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. 
&nbsp;

According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), every 40 seconds someone in the U.S. experiences a stroke and every 3.5 minutes someone dies because of it. It is regarded as one of the leading causes of mortality (death) in the U.S<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Stroke may present as<a href="#accordion">[7]</a>:&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Sudden weakness in the face, arm, or leg&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sudden numbness in face, arm, or leg&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sudden blindness&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sudden confusion&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sudden difficulty with understanding speech</li>
	<li>Sudden trouble with speaking&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sudden dizziness</li>
	<li>Sudden loss of balance&nbsp; 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>What Is An Early And Late Onset Stroke?</h5>

Stroke that occurs in individuals younger than 60 years of age is known as early onset stroke, whereas stroke that happens after 60 years of age is late onset stroke.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<h5>How Does Type A Blood Increase The Risk Of Early Onset Stroke?</h5>

Type A blood group increases the risk of having early onset stroke by 16% while the risk of having a late onset stroke is estimated to be 5% in individuals with type A blood<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Unfortunately, researchers don&#39;t have the answer as to why type A blood confers a higher risk of stroke in individuals less than 60 years of age, but it is believed that it has something to do with the clotting mechanism. There are studies that suggest that people with type A blood are slightly prone to developing blood clots in the leg &ndash; a condition known as deep vein thrombosis<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. This signals towards the pro-clotting nature of type A blood group that paves way to the formation of other clotting-related diseases, including stroke<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Should I worry If I Have Type A Blood?</h5>

Researchers emphasize that the risk associated with type A blood and early onset stroke is not that significant, hence, individuals with this blood type need not to worry about it nor do they need to engage in additional screening or medical testing. If you have Type A blood, you can simply take it as a reminder to be cautious and to take steps to manage any risk factors you might have. 
&nbsp;

Additionally, stroke risk doubles every decade after 55 years of age and CDC has warned about the risk of stroke increasing with age. Most strokes occur in individuals after 50 years of age, but it has been reported that early onset stroke incidences are increasing, too. Every 1 in 7 strokes happen in individuals aged between 15 and 49 years<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>. 
&nbsp;

Yes, strokes can be prevented. As a matter of fact, 80% of strokes are preventable<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>. 
&nbsp;

While you cannot alter your blood type or stop your age from progressing, there are certain risk factors of stroke that you can control through lifestyle modifications. To do so, you first need to know the modifiable risk factors for stroke. This include<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>:&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li><a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/hypertension-57">Hypertension </a>(high blood pressure)&nbsp;</li>
	<li>High cholesterol levels</li>
	<li><a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/diabetes-type-1-and-2">Diabetes mellitus</a>&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Smoking&nbsp;</li>
	<li><a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/obesity">Obesity&nbsp;</a> 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Taking steps, such as quitting smoking and alcohol, incorporating exercise in your routine, managing your blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and eating a diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables and fibers can significantly reduce your stroke risk. 
&nbsp;

Conclusion

In a nutshell, even though blood type A is associated with increased risk of early onset stroke as proven by recent research, the risk for stroke is modest. Instead of worrying and finding ways to screen stroke, you should take it as a reason to be mindful about your health and work on other modifiable risk factors to reduce your chances of stroke.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Key Points

<ul>
	<li>Stroke is a medical emergency that can result in life-long disability.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Certain genetic factors, such as blood type, have been discovered through research to influence the risk of stroke.</li>
	<li>Blood type A is found to be associated with increased risk of early onset stroke, while individuals with blood type O are associated with decreased risk of early onset stroke.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Early onset stroke occurs in individuals before the age of 60 years.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>The risk of stroke with blood type A is modest. Instead of getting involved in screening for stroke, individuals with blood type A should adopt healthier practices to manage the modifiable risk factors of stroke.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

[1] Chang N.  Published 2022. Accessed September 23, 2022.

Norris J. Type A vs. O: Does blood type influence stroke risk?. Medicalnewstoday.com. Accessed September 23, 2022. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-there-a-link-between-your-blood-type-and-risk-of-stroke. Published 2022.

[2] Bailey E. Blood Type Linked to Risk of Stroke Before Age 60. Healthline.

[3] What Is A Universal Blood Type?. Redcrossblood.org.

[4] Conditions H, Risk S, Haase M. This Blood Type May Mean You’re at a Higher Risk of Early Stroke, New Study Finds. Prevention.

[5] Norris J. Type A vs. O: Does blood type influence stroke risk?. Medicalnewstoday.com.

[6] Solis-Moriera J. Your Blood Type May Influence Your Stroke Risk, Study Shows. Health.Published 2022.

[7] CDC.

Nawal Adnan

A. JABBAR DENTAL CLINIC KARACHI

Sadia Khan

FAQs About Heat Stroke

Extreme temperatures accounted for an estimated 1 to 7 million deaths globally in 2019<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>. The severity, duration, and frequency of extreme temperature events, such as heatwaves, floods, and storms, have been increasing over the past few years. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 166,000 people died due to heat waves between 1998 and 2017<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. Furthermore, the number of people exposed to heat waves increased by 125 million from 2000-2016<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.

The inevitable climate change has drastically increased global temperatures and the frequency and intensity of heat waves across the world<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. Extreme heat exposure affects the body&rsquo;s temperature regulations, leading to heat-related illnesses and an exacerbation of existing conditions, such as <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/hypertension-57">hypertension </a>and diabetes<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>. However, these effects of extreme heat are often exaggerated among city dwellers due to the urban heat island effect. Cities in both high- and low-income countries can have temperatures 3.5-12 &deg;C higher than the surrounding areas<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>.

From 2006-2015, the temperature in Karachi (Pakistan) reached a high of 45 &deg;C during May-July, and the daily average humidity ranged between 30-95%<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. The high heat index coupled with high humidity is a common factor in the increased incidence of heat-related illnesses across Karachi and Pakistan.

&nbsp;

Understanding FAQs about heat stroke

<h5>What Are Heat-Related Illnesses?</h5>

Prolonged exposure to extreme heat and humidity coupled with dehydration can lead to heat-related illness. Working or exercising in hot and humid conditions can also cause heat illness. A high temperature and increased humidity disrupt the body&rsquo;s temperature regulation and cause normal core temperature to rise. 
&nbsp;

Heat-related illnesses can range from mild heat cramps to more severe heat stroke. The common types of heat illnesses are:

<ul>
	<li>Heat rash</li>
	<li>Heat cramps</li>
	<li>Heat syncope</li>
	<li>Heat exhaustion</li>
	<li>Heat stroke 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>Is Heat Illness And Fever The Same?</h5>

Although the body temperature is raised above the normal level in a heat illness, it is not due to an infection, as is the case in a fever. Instead, high heat and humidity are the cause of hyperthermia. 
&nbsp;

<h5>What Is A Heat Stroke?</h5>

Heat stroke is a severe type of heat-related illness characterized by an elevated core body temperature (&gt;40 &deg;C) and neurologic dysfunction. It is a life-threatening condition and needs emergency medical attention.

Heat stroke can be classified into two types - exertional and non-exertional.

<ul>
	<li>Exertional Heat Stroke (EHS) - This type of heat stroke results from prolonged strenuous physical activity in hot and humid conditions. It is more common in young individuals. 
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Classic Non-Exertional Heat Stroke (NEHS) - Unlike exertional heat stroke, this type occurs due to heat waves and is more likely to occur in regions that do not typically experience prolonged hot conditions. It is common in the elderly, chronically ill individuals, and infants. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>What Causes A Heat Stroke?</h5>

Sweating is a normal body response to excessive heat. The evaporation of this sweat helps the body cool down. However, during periods of high heat index (&gt;90 degrees Fahrenheit) and humidity (&gt;60%), sweat evaporation is disrupted. As a result, the body absorbs more heat than releasing it, causing the internal body temperature to rise.

A depletion of salt and water in the body, likely due to dehydration, also contributes to a heat stroke as the body is unable to sweat fast enough to release heat. 
&nbsp;

<h5>What Are The Warning Signs Of A Heat Stroke?</h5>

In a heat stroke, the body temperature can rise to 106 &deg;F or higher within a span of 10-15 minutes.

Other signs and symptoms to look out for are:

<ul>
	<li>Lack of sweating</li>
	<li>Hot, red, and dry skin</li>
	<li>Confusion or altered mental status</li>
	<li>Dizziness, light-headedness, and weakness</li>
	<li>Headache</li>
	<li>Nausea</li>
	<li>Fast pulse</li>
	<li>Seizure</li>
	<li>Loss of consciousness</li>
</ul>

Note: Heat stroke is a medical emergency. If you or someone you know experiences any of the above signs and symptoms, seek help immediately. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Can Exercising Lead To A Heat Stroke?</h5>

Exercising in direct sunlight or in hot and humid environments can lead to excessive sweating, resulting in the loss of water and salts. If these are not replaced adequately, it can result in dehydration. Dehydration reduces the body&rsquo;s ability to sweat, raising the internal body temperature and causing a heat stroke. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Is Heat Stroke The Same As Heat Exhaustion?</h5>

Heat exhaustion is a milder form of heat illness. Although both heat exhaustion and heat stroke can elevate the body temperature, in heat exhaustion, the body temperature does not go above 40 &deg;C (104 &deg;F). However, it is a precursor to heat stroke.

Moreover, heat exhaustion is characterized by heavy sweating, cool, clammy skin, muscle cramps, and weakness. Whereas heat stroke has symptoms that include a lack of sweat, dizziness, and neurological dysfunction. 
&nbsp;

<h5>What Is The Difference Between A Heat Stroke And A Stroke?</h5>

Both stroke and heat stroke cause damage to brain cells. However, a heat stroke results from extreme heat exposure, while a stroke occurs due to a clot or aneurysm disrupting blood flow to the brain cells. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Can Anyone Get A Heat Stroke?</h5>

Anyone who is exposed to hot, humid conditions can develop a heat stroke. However, certain people are more at risk. These include:

<ul>
	<li>Elderly</li>
	<li>Infants</li>
	<li>Athletes</li>
	<li>People who work outdoors (e.g., laborers, firefighters, farmers)</li>
	<li>People unacclimatized to high temperatures 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>Can I Get A Heat Stroke In A Car?</h5>

Cars can heat up quite rapidly in the sun, even on a mild day. Therefore, children and pets left in a locked car can die from a heat stroke in less than an hour.

Similarly, older adults in nursing homes or those shut inside their rooms during the summer can also get a heat stroke. Although the room may not seem hot, their frail bodies can slowly get overloaded by the heat. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Can Certain Medications Increase My Risk Of A Heat Stroke?</h5>

Yes, certain medications can increase the risk of heat stroke and other heat-related illnesses. They include antidepressants, diuretics, antihistamines, antipsychotics, antibiotics, anti-hypertensives, and stimulants. These medications can interfere with the body&rsquo;s normal thermoregulatory function by decreasing the sweat rate. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Are Heat Strokes Deadly?</h5>

Yes, if not treated immediately and adequately, heat stroke can be fatal. Delayed therapy can cause mortality rates of 80%<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<h5>What Are The First-Aid Measures For A Heat Stroke?</h5>

The following first-aid measures can help treat a heat stroke:

<ol>
	<li>Call emergency medical services immediately.</li>
	<li>Follow the ABCs. Ensure the airways are open, and the person&rsquo;s breathing and circulation are intact.</li>
	<li>Move the person to a cool, shady area or an air-conditioned environment.</li>
	<li>Remove any unnecessary or tight clothing.</li>
	<li>Spray the person with cool water.</li>
	<li>Sponge the person with a wet cloth.</li>
	<li>Fan the person to help them sweat and promote evaporation.</li>
	<li>Place ice packs under the person&rsquo;s neck, groin, and armpits.</li>
	<li>Immerse the person in cold water.</li>
	<li>If the person can drink, offer them cool liquids, like sports drinks.</li>
	<li>Monitor body temperature with a thermometer.</li>
	<li>In cases of seizures, the patient should be moved away from injury-causing objects and not given anything by mouth.</li>
	<li>Unconscious patients should be moved to their side to avoid choking. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ol>

The cooling efforts are continued till the body temperature decreases to 38.3-38.8 &deg;C (101-102 &deg;F).

&nbsp;

<h5>If My Child Has A Heat Stroke, Can I Place Him/Her In A Tub Of Ice Water?</h5>

Ice or cold water immersion should not be used in children and older adults. Evaporative cooling is preferred as it does not interfere with monitoring or resuscitation measures and achieves rapid cooling. 
&nbsp;

<h5>Can Medications Help Treat A Heat Stroke?</h5>

Medications usually have no role in the treatment of heat stroke. Antipyretics, such as acetaminophen, are strictly contraindicated as they can cause liver or kidney injury.

In the past, doctors have used dantrolene in the treatment of heat stroke, but research has shown it to be ineffective. Furthermore, benzodiazepines are often used to control the shivering associated with cooling methods. However, there are no universal recommendations outlining its use in heat stroke patients. 
&nbsp;

<h5>How Long Does It Take To Recover From A Heat Stroke?</h5>

Recovery typically depends on the severity of the heat stroke and whether any organ damage has taken place. Initial recovery takes 1-2 days in the hospital, while complete recovery can take anywhere from 2 months to a year. During recovery, it is advised to avoid physical activity and any heat exposure for at least a week. The doctor should be consulted before returning to normal activities.

Moreover, people who have had a heat stroke are at risk of developing it again. Therefore, it is important to take precautionary measures, especially during heatwaves. 
&nbsp;

<h5>What Are The Risk Factors Of A Heat Stroke?</h5>

The following factors may contribute to or increase the risk of a heat stroke:

<ul>
	<li>Dehydration</li>
	<li>Male gender</li>
	<li>Age (Infants and the elderly are most at risk)</li>
	<li>Wearing heavy clothing in hot weather</li>
	<li>Obesity</li>
	<li>Deprived sleep</li>
	<li>History of a heat stroke</li>
	<li>Certain medications, e.g., diuretics, antidiarrheals, calcium channel blockers, antihistamines, or laxatives</li>
	<li>Existing health conditions, such as diabetes</li>
	<li>Drinking alcohol</li>
	<li>Illicit drug use 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>Can A Heat Stroke Have Long-Term Effects?</h5>

If left untreated, people with heat stroke can progress to a coma. The elevated body temperature can also lead to the following complications:

<ul>
	<li>Rhabdomyolysis</li>
	<li>Kidney failure</li>
	<li>Brain swelling</li>
	<li>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)</li>
	<li>Liver failure</li>
	<li>Metabolic dysfunction</li>
	<li>Nerve damage</li>
	<li>Circulatory problems 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5>How Can I Protect Myself From A Heat Stroke?</h5>

You can prevent heat stroke by taking the following steps:

<ul>
	<li>When going outdoors, wear loose, light-colored clothing, and a hat.</li>
	<li>Ensure proper hydration by drinking eight glasses of fluids (e.g., water, fruit juice, vegetable juice) or more per day.</li>
	<li>Increase fluid intake when exercising or working outdoors in hot conditions.</li>
	<li>Exercise or work during the cooler hours of the day.</li>
	<li>Use sunscreen when going out in the sun.</li>
	<li>Avoid drinks containing caffeine or alcohol, as they can cause dehydration.</li>
	<li>Try to stay indoors during a heatwave.</li>
	<li>Close windows and draw curtains during the afternoon or hotter parts of the day.</li>
	<li>Keep cool by staying in an air-conditioned room or under a fan. In case there is no electricity, place a wet cloth or an ice pack around the neck or wrists to stay cool.</li>
</ul>

&nbsp;

[1] The Lancet. Health in a world of extreme heat. The Lancet. 2021;398(10301):641. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01860-2

[2] Heatwaves. World Health Organization.

[3] Heat and Health. World Health Organization.

[4] Razzak JA, Agrawal P, Chand Z, Quraishy S, Ghaffar A, Hyder AA. Impact of community education on heat-related health outcomes and heat literacy among low-income communities in Karachi, Pakistan: randomized controlled trial. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7(1):e006845. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006845

[5] Khan UR, Ahmed N, Naeem R, et al. Heat Emergencies: Perceptions and Practices of Community Members and Emergency Department Healthcare Providers in Karachi, Pakistan: A Qualitative Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4736. Published 2021 Apr 29. doi:10.3390/ijerph18094736

[6] Robert S Helman M. Heat stroke. Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology.

Nimrah H. Sattar

A stroke is also referred to as a brain attack, as it drastically impacts the integral component of the central nervous system. It occurs when the blood flow to the brain is blocked. The dreadful and urgent crisis requires immediate medical attention<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

The brain is a complex and demanding organ that needs a consistent flow of oxygen and supplements to function effectively. However, if for any reason that blood supply is threatened, even for a brief moment, it can lead to irreparable harm. Just a brief interruption in the oxygen and blood supply can cause brain cells to die, resulting in severed synaptic connections. When the brain cells die, the brain&#39;s functioning is lost. The individual will most likely be unable to do things that are controlled by that particular brain region. Common symptoms include trouble walking, slurred speech, difficulty remembering things, loss of control over the bladder, and affected eating<a href="#accordion">[1]</a>.&nbsp;

&nbsp;

Anyone can be a victim of a <a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/stroke">stroke</a>. Being able to react quickly would only be helpful if an individual can recognize the <a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/stroke">signs of a stroke</a>. Knowledge of the signs of a stroke can lead to timely life-saving interventions.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

Reach out to the local emergency helpline when a person experiences the following<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>Sudden weakness or a sensation of numbness in various body parts such as the face, arm, or leg. This peculiar feeling only lingers on one side of the body.</li>
	<li>Loss of speech or difficulty speaking leads to communication challenges as the patient barely understands what another person is saying and vice versa.</li>
	<li>Trouble adjusting to brightness and focusing vision might exacerbate to loss of vision in one or both eyes.</li>
	<li>Struggling to regain and maintain balance and posture. The lack of muscle coordination can also be accompanied by dizziness. Moreover, the lack of strength and coordination may lead to problems with walking, posture, and gait.</li>
	<li>Frequent and unknown causes of severe headaches, which might induce repetitive fainting spells, seizures, and loss of consciousness.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Unaccounted nausea and periodic vomiting without being triggered by a viral illness or a stomach bug. 
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

If a person experiences the above symptoms, but for a shorter period, they may have undergone a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Symptoms of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) bear a significant resemblance and similarity to those of a stroke<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>. However, while TIA signs are frightful, they might be passing. They can keep going for a couple of moments or as long as 24 hours. Immediately call for clinical assistance if you are under the impression that somebody is having a TIA. It very well might be an indication that a stroke is going to happen. Be that as it may, not all TIAs are followed by a stroke<a href="#accordion">[2]</a>.

&nbsp;

Understanding First aid For Stroke

Considering how the symptoms of a stroke vary, nearby attendants or passersby may not witness all the signs and symptoms, and may perhaps not have a medical background to immediately recognize the impending calamity. Therefore, recent studies have deduced quicker ways to respond to stokes<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. These include: 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Think FAST</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The FAST system is based on the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS). It aims to replace the primitive and difficult-to-remember 5 sudden warning signs of a stroke that were previously used to provide immediate medical attention to a stroke patient<a href="#accordion">[4]</a>. The medical acronym allows individuals to recognize characteristic signs of a stroke. It stands for: 
&nbsp;

F: Facial drooping or visible signs of facial weakness, especially on one side of the face. To confirm, ask the patient to pass a smile, and check if the smile is crooked or aligned as usual<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

A: Arm weakness refers to the loss of an individual&rsquo;s regular dexterity. Ask the suspected patient to raise both arms, and observe for signs of struggle or the gradual drooping of one arm<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

S: Speech is slurred. Stroke affects brain activity and may impact a person&rsquo;s coherence. Instruct the individual to repeat a few basic sentences to notice if the speech is slurred, or the patient appears to be in a disoriented stupor. A healthy individual will be able to utter with correct pronunciations<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. 
&nbsp;

T: Time to get help. The last part of the acronym is for the attendant to respond as soon as they are done with the basic examination detailed above. If the affected person appears to have not cleared the checklist, then one should call for help<a href="#accordion">[5]</a>. 
&nbsp;

However, realistically speaking does the acronym make for a compelling and globally endorsed informational message? Studies argue that it seems to be more effective than the previously established five warning signs<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>. This can be viewed more logically through the lens of lucrative marketing, where any impressionable product or in this case slogan needs to abide by the 3 basic standards for delivering new messages out to individuals to guarantee that the message sticks and are remembered. These principles include the consistency of the message, its simplicity, and appropriate repetition<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>.&nbsp;With an acronym such as F.A.S.T, all three rules are followed. Therefore, it happens to be a unanimous and widely used system for stroke<a href="#accordion">[3]</a>.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5>Act FASTER</h5>
	</li>
</ul>

The highly revered vascular neurologists at Beaumont Health have made a new acronym which is an aversion to the previously used FAST<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>. Called &lsquo;FASTER&rsquo;, the new acronym includes two extra, but key, stroke symptom indicators.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;

A detailed breakdown of the importance of each letter in the acronym is as follows<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>: 
&nbsp;

F: F is for the face. Like its predecessor, the F in FASTER is concerned with initial and sudden signs of facial drooping, especially on one side of the face. Any visible muscle weakness should be noted as a possible indicator of an impending stroke. To corroborate the initial hypothesis, it is always safer to ask the patient to smile to report any asymmetry. 
&nbsp;

A: A represents arms. Again, bearing resemblance to FAST, the A is to record any signs of arm weakness. This can be tested by asking the patient to raise both arms simultaneously. Count to ten; if during the countdown one arm starts to drop, then the patient should be immediately directed towards a hospital. 
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S: S stands for stability. Bringing a new symptom to be wary of, FASTER recognizes how muscle coordination is a clear indication of disorientation. Patients who may be suffering from a stroke may find it difficult to regain balance for walking or even standing steadily without feeling dizzy. If a person who&rsquo;s generally not clumsy has trouble standing without falling, then they should be taken to the nearest doctor for stroke treatment. 
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T: T is for talking. Contrary to FAST, the newer version of the acronym uses its fourth letter to remind individuals to observe signs of slurred speech, incoherence, and mumbling. Garbled, distorted, and muddled noises, with the inability to construct proper sentences, should be dealt with as an alarming factor for a stroke. The patient may also find it extremely difficult to understand the noises surrounding them. Therefore, it is suggested to ask them to repeat simple sentences. 
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E: E draws attention to eyes. The new additional letter is included for individuals to notice eye activity and pupil movement. Patients suffering from a stroke may have their vision impaired in one or even both eyes. 
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R: R is important to react. This calls for help for the patient. If someone observes the symptoms of a stroke in a nearby individual, they should call an ambulance. 
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The unexpected lack of coordination and potentially impaired vision are two very important, and often conspicuous, outcomes of a stroke. Therefore, their addition to the new acronym is crucial for stroke treatment. Recognizing symptoms and responding rapidly guarantees early diagnosis and admittance to the emergency clinic for evaluation of potential stroke treatment<a href="#accordion">[6]</a>. 
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It was discerning for Beaumont to add stability and eyes when doctors made FASTER because of the unexpected lack of coordination or potentially impaired vision, which are likewise significant and conspicuous unfortunate outcomes of a stroke.

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Regardless of which abbreviation from the medical jargon is used, both help patients receive immediate and necessary medical treatment. And ensures that the stroke does not cause irreversible and irreparable harm to the brain or any other part of the body. However, among FAST and FASTER, the latter of the two is considered more reliable as it allows an analysis of all common symptoms of a stroke. 
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<ul><li>A stroke is the result of a momentary loss of oxygen and blood supply to the brain. It can occur at any time to anyone.</li><li>Symptoms of a stroke include facial drooping, muscle weakness, slurred speech, disorientation, nausea, and frequent dizziness.&nbsp;</li><li>A stroke can be identified through the common FAST and FASTER acronyms.</li></ul>