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Iqra Mazhar

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Sunscreens: SPF Explained!

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Madeeha Syed

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Beat The Heat: What Happens When Heat, Sweat And Skin Collide

Overview

<p>The summer months can be a fun time for outdoor activities and spending time with friends. But if you&rsquo;re prone to chafing or rashes, they may not be so enjoyable.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

effect of heat on skin

<p dir="ltr">Chafing and rashes are a common problem, especially during the summer months. The main cause of these annoying conditions is sweat. When your skin gets wet and rubs against itself or another surface, it can become inflamed and tender to the touch.</p>

<p dir="ltr">When you put on clothes that are too tight or made with synthetic materials like lycra, they can act like a glue trap for sweat, which contributes to chafing and rashes by trapping moisture between your skin and clothing. Sweat can also irritate sensitive skin as it evaporates off of your body &mdash; this is why you should always wear breathable fabrics such as cotton when exercising outdoors or in an air-conditioned room on hot days.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>Sweat is the main cause of chafing, but it&rsquo;s not the only one. Friction is also a major factor in causing irritation and soreness that can make you unable to enjoy your day-to-day activities.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>There&rsquo;s a rash for every occasion:</p>

<ul>
	<li><strong>Boob Rash:</strong> It&rsquo;s the bane of many a lady&rsquo;s existence, especially during sweaty summers and strenuous workouts. The friction of your bra rubbing against your skin causes irritation, which leads to red bumps and rashes.</li>
	<li><strong>Thigh Chafing:</strong> Similar to boob rash but on your legs instead of chest, thigh chafing is caused by the constant rubbing of clothing against bare skin as you walk or run around all day long &mdash; especially if you&rsquo;re wearing shorts or skirts!</li>
	<li><strong>Nipple Chafing:</strong> This is one particular type of nipple rash that can happen during pregnancy or breastfeeding when there&rsquo;s excess fluid flowing through those delicate glands in addition to sweat from exercise!<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p dir="ltr">Sweat itself doesn&rsquo;t cause chafing, but it can make things worse. If your skin is already sensitive to friction or susceptible to rashes and blisters, then sweat will make it even more sensitive.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">When you&rsquo;re trying to keep cool in the summer heat, it&rsquo;s easy to over-hydrate and end up with a gush of liquid dripping down your back as you walk around. When that happens, you might start thinking that all this sweat must be causing me some discomfort &mdash; but in reality, we just need a little bit more salt!</p>

<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">These rashes could cause serious health problems if left untreated</p>

<p dir="ltr">Cuts and scrapes can lead to infections. Chafing can lead to blisters, and, in turn, those blisters can become infected.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Infections in the skin can cause damage that leaves you vulnerable to infection by other germs and even viruses like <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/hepatitis-b-113">Hepatitis B</a> and C or <a href="https://merisehat.pk/disease/hiv-61">HIV</a>, which can be fatal if left untreated.</p>

<p dir="ltr">To avoid these rashes in the first place, you need to keep the skin dry, reduce friction and stop rubbing your skin raw.</p>

<p dir="ltr">A rash is an uncomfortable, and sometimes painful, skin condition that can occur due to a variety of reasons. The most common cause of rashes is sweat and friction. To avoid these rashes in the first place, you need to keep the skin dry, reduce friction and stop rubbing your skin raw.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Avoiding Sweat And Friction:</strong> Using a lubricant between two surfaces that rub together without causing much wear (skin against fabric) will help prevent chafing and blisters caused by sweating under heavy loads or tight-fitting clothing like cycling jerseys or hiking shorts. Silicone-based lubricants work well because they stay slick longer than water-based lubricants; however, they&rsquo;re not as safe for use around water because silicone doesn&rsquo;t absorb into fabrics so it can be slippery when wet!</p>

<p><strong>Keeping Skin Dry:</strong> You should apply sunscreen before you go outside since sun exposure makes you more susceptible to getting burned &mdash; especially if there isn&rsquo;t any breeze to cool down your body temperature during long runs outdoors (or even short ones).<br />
A good rule of thumb is that if it&rsquo;s hot outside but feels less humid than usual then put on sunscreen anyway just in case because humid conditions make it harder for sweat from evaporating off our bodies which means we need more frequent hydration breaks during long workouts outside in summer heat waves!<br />
Don&rsquo;t forget about protecting yourself against UV rays too because even though clouds may block direct sunlight from reaching us directly down here on earth&rsquo;s surface &mdash; they don&rsquo;t block UV rays which come through holes in them called &ldquo;glare points.&rdquo; These glares points are responsible for generating many different kinds of reflections including glare reflection off surfaces such as pavements when walking along city streets.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>The first rule of treating any skin condition is not to try to rub it off. The rubbing can make it worse, and you may introduce bacteria into the area, which could cause inflammation and infection. The best thing to do is keep the area dry by using talcum powder or a non-oily moisturizer with a high water-content like Vaseline or Petroleum Jelly.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h4><strong>&quot;Most rashes will clear up within a few days after you adopt prevention techniques that keep your skin dry and limit friction&quot;</strong><br />
&nbsp;</h4>

<p dir="ltr">If you&rsquo;re at risk of developing a rash, it&rsquo;s best to take the following precautions:</p>

<ul>
	<li>Use a towel to dry off immediately after swimming or sweating.</li>
	<li>Apply a moisturizer with an SPF of at least 30 every morning and reapply in the afternoon if you plan on being outside for longer than an hour.</li>
	<li>If you are wearing clothes that rub against your skin, use an anti-chafing product such as zinc oxide paste until your rash clears up and then switch to a heavier formula like dimethicone which will protect against future rashes. You may also want to try tea tree oil or aloe vera gel if those options appeal more strongly than using medication prescribed by a healthcare professional.<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p>The best way to prevent chafing while running is to take steps before your run. You can start with a good exfoliating shower and apply some body lotion or cream to dry areas. Then, wear the right clothes. Make sure they fit you well and aren&rsquo;t too tight or too loose where it counts &mdash; the thighs and crotch area are particularly susceptible to chafing.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Lastly, you should use products like Vaseline on dry spots before you hit the road. These products will help protect against rubbing and chafing during exercise so that when it&rsquo;s time for your next long run, all of those miles won&#39;t be spent dealing with embarrassing rashes instead of crossing finish lines! However, this is not just limited to the girlies who are active. Even when you are going on with your daily life, you can always incorporate these hacks to make summers more comfortable for you.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Bottom Line

<p dir="ltr">We know that dealing with these rashes can be frustrating. We want you to know that there is hope, though! They are all preventable, and it&rsquo;s not just about following the rules of hygiene either. You need to keep your skin dry and limit friction by wearing loose clothing and changing out of sweaty clothes as soon as possible after an activity ends. If you find yourself with a rash or chafing, don&rsquo;t try rubbing it off&mdash;that will only make things worse! Instead let your body heal naturally by keeping the affected area clean and dry until the symptoms subside on their own.</p>

Umna Salah

The Bald Truth

<p>The bald truth is that hair loss in men can happen easily and quickly, and usually it&#39;s out of their control. While the reasons why hair loss occurs in men are somewhat murky, there are some things that can exacerbate the effects of natural balding. The good news is there are things you can do about it. We&#39;ve compiled a list of several ways for you to deal with baldness if it hits you or your loved ones.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Understanding the causes of hair loss

<p dir="ltr">To start off with, lets first understand what causes hair loss in men. These include:<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li><strong>Family History:</strong> A big chunk of the diseases or the disorders a person face is because of their family medical history. If your family has a history of male pattern baldness, there is a very slim chance for you to escape it.&nbsp;</li>
	<li><strong>Hormones:</strong> We know you might feel like every other issue is now blamed on hormones but they have a crucial impact on our bodies. These <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/what-is-hormonal-acne">hormones</a> are often imbalanced due to some medical condition or medicines that are taken for it that may lead you to lose your hair.</li>
	<li><strong>Stress:</strong> This is another culprit of many issues in our body. However, losing hair due to stress is relatively temporary and is reversed in most cases.</li>
	<li><strong>Hairstyles And Treatments:</strong> Too much product, styles that pull your hair, etc., may cause traction alopecia and causes your hairline to go backwards. This type of hair loss is permanent in many cases.<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

Options For delay the process

<p>If we are being blunt, there is no cure or a reversal of baldness or extreme hair loss. However, there are several options out there that may either delay the process or provide you with other options to copy with the issue.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li><strong>Minoxidil:</strong> Originally created to treat high blood pressure, the side effect of the medicine included excessive hair growth with made the experts reconsider the use of the drug and target it towards treating baldness. The results are best shown in people who are 40 or under.&nbsp;</li>
	<li><strong>Finasteride:</strong> Finasteride is a drug that can help fight male pattern baldness. It is available in both oral and topical forms, and works by decreasing the amount of DHT in the scalp. DHT seems to cause hair follicles to become thinner, so reducing DHT may help promote hair regrowth and slow hair loss. Unlike minoxidil, finasteride does not affect hair growth on other parts of your body.</li>
	<li><strong>Surgery:</strong> If you&#39;re experiencing hair loss, the good news is there&#39;s a treatment for it. The bad news is that it requires surgery. Hair transplantation works for men with male pattern baldness. A hair transplant involves removing hair follicles from the back of the head, where they are resistant to DHT, and placing them on the scalp. As with any surgery, hair transplants carry the risk of complications. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons states that the risks include excessive bleeding and wide scars. Additionally, there is a chance the skin plugs may die, which requires further surgery to fix.</li>
	<li><span style="background-color:transparent"><strong>Laser Combs:</strong> </span><span style="background-color:transparent">Laser combs are a newer form of hair loss treatment. Advocates claim these devices promote hair growth by using concentrated light to stimulate hair follicles. </span>This treatment has mixed results and may work best when combines with other forms of treatment.<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p>Hair loss affects all ages, races, and sexes and literally has no boundaries. No one is immune from this epidemic and will eventually witness, if not experience it for themselves. It is an unavoidable fact of life that sometimes the best laid plans, the most fervent prayers or the strongest medications cannot eradicate. While some men see their hair grow back in after years of balding, for others their hair loss is a life long battle. This makes it even more important to live a healthy lifestyle and take active measures to ensure that you are doing everything possible to prevent hair loss.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Common Symptoms

<p>Some common symptoms of male-pattern baldness include thinning or receding hairline, excessive hair on the side of the head, slow hair growth and even complete baldness at the top of the head over time. All men may benefit by getting more regular exercise and increasing activity during their free time. It is also recommended to have a balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits and protein as well as staying away from fast food. Another natural remedy that can contribute to hair re-growth is using coconut oil regularly.</p>

Humza Khizer

Baby Blues (Postpartum Depression): Is There A New Treatment?

<p>The entire process of pregnancy is very rewarding, but what happens after you have delivered the baby? Your body that has gone through so many constant changes over the 9 months, reverses them all to get you back to normal. This process often leads to postpartum <a href="https://www.merisehat.pk/disease/depression">depression</a>.</p>

<p>About 11% of women in the United States suffer from postpartum depression (PPD).<sup><a href="#accordion">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;PPD affects not just the life of the mother but also the infant. If left untreated, it can get worse and affect your spouse or other people close to you. So far, the treatment used for PPD has been very generic; similar to that of major depressive episode (MDE) consisting of conventional antidepressants like SSRIs, benzodiazepines, and tricyclic antidepressants. FDA has recently approved the first-ever drug targeted toward treating postpartum depression.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Understanding The Latest Treatment For Postpartum Depression

<p dir="ltr">Postpartum depression is best explained as a worsened form of postpartum blues or baby blues. Baby blues are experienced a few days after delivery. Some new moms, however, experience a much more severe case of baby blues that can be classified as postpartum depression and it can go on for over a year.<sup><a href="#accordion">[8]</a></sup>&nbsp;PPD is characterized by:</p>

<ul>
	<li>Feeling depressed and low</li>
	<li>Sleeping too little or too much</li>
	<li>Feeling tired all the time</li>
	<li>Doubting yourself as a mother</li>
	<li>Thinking that you do not want the baby</li>
	<li>Excessive crying</li>
	<li>Loss of appetite</li>
	<li>Anxiety and panic attacks&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Thoughts of harming yourself or the baby</li>
	<li>Unable to think clearly or make the right decisions</li>
	<li>Increased anger and irritability</li>
	<li>Overall reduced interest in everything</li>
</ul>

<p dir="ltr">If you or anyone that you know are facing any of these symptoms, immediately contact your physician and get yourself screened through the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). It is one of the most common and quickest screening tools with high accuracy and allows your physician to assess the situation better through the score.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">A lot of factors contribute to postpartum depression.The biggest factor that is not only responsible for PPD but also for the baby blues is the drastic change in hormones. During pregnancy, your estrogen and progesterone levels are very high. As soon as the baby is delivered, these levels are dropped drastically.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Since estrogen is directly linked to increasing serotonin levels in our brain&nbsp;and progesterone is known for stimulating dopamine release, the decrease in the production of these hormones coupled with some underlying mental issues or previous history of depression or anxiety becomes the most common and the biggest cause of PPD.<sup><a href="#accordion">[2][3][7]</a></sup><br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">While screening of postpartum depression can be done by several tools that are used for Major Depressive Episodes (MDE), the most universally acceptable tool targeted especially for PPD is Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale or EDPS. EDPS is a 10-item questionnaire with a response score of 0 to 3. If the total score is over 12, then there is a need for further in-depth assessment of the situation and severity of the condition.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">PPD is best diagnosed by your medical practitioner through regular visits. Your doctor asks a series of questions every few days to assess your mental health and well-being. Another way to differentiate PPD from baby blues is to ensure that the patient has at least 3-5 of the symptoms that make up PPD. The generalized diagnostic criteria used for PPD are similar to the one used for Major Depressive Episode (MDE). Immediate attention is recommended to avoid any worsening of the symptoms and from transitioning of PPD to postpartum psychosis.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">So far, the treatment of postpartum depression is similar to that of conventional major depressive disorder. Special attention is paid to the excretion of the drug and the concentration of the drug removed from the body through breast milk.</p>

<p dir="ltr">The following antidepressants are commonly used to treat postpartum depression due to their low levels of excretion in breast milk, making it safe for use if you are a breastfeeding mother:</p>

<ul>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Fluoxetine</li>
	<li>Paroxetine</li>
	<li>Sertraline</li>
	<li>Bupropion</li>
	<li>Amitriptyline</li>
	<li>Doxepin</li>
	<li>Desipramine</li>
	<li>Tranylcypromine</li>
	<li>Trimipramine</li>
	<li>Desipramine</li>
	<li>Paroxetine</li>
	<li>Escitalopram</li>
</ul>

<p dir="ltr">These antidepressants come with some common side effects that include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sexual issues, diarrhea, blurry vision, weight gain, increased perspiration, etc.<sup><a href="#accordion">[6]</a></sup><br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">Brexanolone (under the brand name of Zulresso) got approved by the FDA as the first drug targeted toward PPD. Brexanolone is approved with a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) which means that it is currently a controlled medicine available through a restricted distribution channel to carefully assess the conditions of the patients throughout the treatment. The program is currently known as Zulresso REMS Program.<sup><a href="#accordion">[5]</a></sup>&nbsp;Currently, to get Brexanolone administered to you for treating your PPD, you are required to enroll in the Zulresso REMS program.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<ul dir="ltr">
	<li>
	<h5><strong>Mechanism Of Action</strong></h5>
	</li>
</ul>

<p dir="ltr">Brexanolone is a synthetic form of allopregnanolone. Allopregnanolone is a neurosteroid. Neuroactive steroids are a group of substances that change a receptor&rsquo;s response to a stimulus by binding to them.<sup><a href="#accordion">[4]</a></sup>&nbsp;Allopregnanolone is best understood as a metabolite of progesterone, which is a GABA-A receptor agonist. This means that progesterone is responsible for increasing GABA functions.</p>

<p dir="ltr">The exact mechanism of the drug and of allopregnanolone is still unknown. Their enhancement of the functions of GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) means that it will inhibit neuronal excitability by blocking messages that are sent to our nervous system with the help of certain stimuli. This not only aids in dealing with depressive triggers but also helps with anxiety.<sup><a href="#accordion">[1]</a></sup><br />
&nbsp;</p>

<ul dir="ltr">
	<li>
	<h5><strong>Dosage And Administration</strong></h5>
	</li>
</ul>

<p dir="ltr">Zulresso is administered intravenously. The dosage is determined by your doctor based on your weight and other factors. The drug is administered over a period of 2.5 days or 60 hours and requires constant monitoring due to the risk of unconsciousness.<sup><a href="#accordion">[5]</a></sup><br />
&nbsp;</p>

<ul dir="ltr">
	<li>
	<h5 dir="ltr"><strong>Adverse Effects</strong></h5>
	</li>
</ul>

<p dir="ltr">Since the drug is relatively new, there are a limited number of side effects reported so far. They include:</p>

<ul>
	<li>Dry mouth</li>
	<li>Dizziness</li>
	<li>Flushed skin</li>
	<li>Losing consciousness</li>
</ul>

<h5 dir="ltr"><strong>Important!</strong></h5>

<p dir="ltr">FDA has advised to stop the treatment of Zulresso if more serious side effects occur that may include the worsening of PPD and suicidal thoughts especially in women under the age of 25.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">Current research suggests that brexanolone may interact with other CNS depressants like opioids and benzodiazepines and increase the severity of the adverse effects with regard to sedation. Alcohol consumption is also not advised due to similar reasons.</p>

<p dir="ltr">During the clinical trials, patients who were taking antidepressants also showed a more severe case of sedation as compared to the ones who did not or were a part of the placebo studies.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Conclusion

<p dir="ltr">Considering the rapid onset of action with brexanolone especially when compared to the long-term treatments offered by conventional antidepressants, it is believed that brexanolone can take over the go-to therapy for PPD. However, a much more convenient way of administration would be through oral pills instead of I/V. There are still many concerns left that can only be answered through long-term data in a lesser restricted environment as opposed to a clinical trial setting.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Key Points

<ul>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>Current antidepressant therapies employed for PPD are based on&nbsp;long-term treatment.</li>
	<li>Brexanolone&rsquo;s onset of action is fast and has shown significant improvement in women of all ages suffering from PPD.</li>
	<li>Some women under the age of 25 were observed to experience severe side effects that even led to the worsening of their PPD.</li>
	<li>The drug is still under strict observation with the help of the REMS program.</li>
	<li>Administration coupled with the duration over which it has to be administered can make it difficult to commercialize as compared to drugs that are available in the form of oral pills.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

[1] Allen B, Vespa PM. Antiseizure medications in critical care: An update. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2019;25(2):117-125

[2] ATP Science, 2021. HOW DOES PROGESTERONE CREATE A DOPAMINERGIC RESPONSE?. [Online] .

[3] Debra Fulghum Bruce, P., 2020. Postpartum Depression. [Online].

[4] Fala, L., 2019. Approved by the FDA Specifically for Postpartum Depression in Adults. [Online]

[5] Federal Drug Administration, 2019. FDA approves first treatment for post-partum depression. [Online]

[6] Fields, L., 2021. Which Antidepressants Treat Postpartum Depression?. [Online]

[7] Matthew Hoffman, M., 2021. Estrogen and Women's Emotions. [Online]

[8] Mayo Clinic, 2022. Postpartum depression. [Online]

The Holy Grail To Stop Ageing

<p>How many people have you met or seen in the virtual world who are ageing gracefully? That person who accepts the silver in the hair and the laugh lines on their face. And guess what? Those wrinkles and fine lines look good on them.</p>

<p>In contrast, how many do you know who cling (desperately, if I may add) to anything that screams &ldquo;anti-aging&rdquo;. A majority of us are guilty of falling in the second category. Even the influencers who don&rsquo;t look a day above 25.</p>

<p>Can we forever have a clear and smooth texture, the youthful glow, with the skin not sagging either? Not to charm others, but for our own gratification. Well, you can. You can be both young as well as beautiful. Yes, you read it right the first time.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>Cosmetic facial rejuvenation or enhancement is possible in more than one way. Essentially, there are three different types of injections: botox, hyaluronic acid, and biostimulators, such as calcium hydroxylapatite, poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), and polymethylmethacrylate.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Each of these treatments is semi-permanent and targets a different part of your face.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Stop Ageing

<h5><strong>Botox</strong></h5>

<p>In 2020, Botox was the number one non-surgical cosmetic procedure across the world. The treatment involves an injection of botulinum toxin, a compound produced by a bacterium found in plants, soil, water, and animal intestines.</p>

<p>It induces a temporary muscle paralysis by blocking the production of acetylcholine at targeted muscular junctures. This temporary block removes the appearance of fine lines, frown lines, and wrinkles.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>Botox is reported to be somewhat painful, and the administration of the injection into the head can create an unpleasant crunching sound. Some of the most common sites where a Botox injection is effective include:</p>

<ul>
	<li>frown lines (&lsquo;11 lines&rsquo;)</li>
	<li>forehead lines</li>
	<li>bunny lines (at the ends of the nose)</li>
	<li>crow&rsquo;s feet (laugh lines)</li>
	<li>dents in the chin</li>
	<li>brows</li>
	<li>It can also be used to eliminate the appearance of scar tissue.&nbsp;<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Lasts for:</strong> Around four to five months typically.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Preparation:</strong>&nbsp;Includes avoiding alcohol and garlic, skipping workouts, and using only gentle facial products (preferably not using <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/before-and-after-make-up-how-to-prep-your-skin-and-how-to-clean-it-off">makeup </a>for a few days).&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Aftercare</strong>:&nbsp;Involves avoiding blood-thinners (such as vitamin E, fish oil, and ibuprofen), not exercising until the next day, and keeping the head still for at least a few hours. The effects might not be visible immediately; it can take a couple of days for them to become evident.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>Dermal Fillers</strong></h5>

<p>Essentially, botox is a temporary suspension of the muscles which can appear to have a smoothing effect on the skin. By contrast, dermal fillers involve external administration of gel-like substances that cultivate a look of softness, fullness, and youth.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Botox decreases lines; hyaluronic acid fillers increase fullness. There are two types of dermal fillers: hyaluronic acid and biostimulators.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>Hyaluronic Acid</strong></h5>

<p>This is a natural sugar that is also found within the body. When administered externally, it can restore volume or &lsquo;plump&rsquo; up the targeted area. This kind of treatment is most commonly used for lip augmentation where it can cultivate a feeling of fullness, eliminate wrinkles around the lips, enhance volume, balance lip size, or even be used to retain moisture for frequently chapped lips.&nbsp;</p>

<p>In fact, when used to balance lip size, hyaluronic acid fillers can help eliminate speech impediments. However, this injection can also be administered subdermally at other sites across the face. It&rsquo;s important to note that the lip region is more pain sensitive and might require a topical numbing agent.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Lasts for:</strong> Hyaluronic acid fillers are typically metabolised by the body within four to six months.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Preparation:</strong> Includes avoiding blood thinners prior to treatment.</p>

<p><strong>Aftercare:</strong> Involves staying out of the sun and avoiding exercise and alcohol for at least a day.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>Biostimulators</strong><br />
&nbsp;</h5>

<p>These kinds of dermal fillers stimulate the natural production of collagen by the body. There are three types of biostimulator injections:&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li><strong>Calcium Hydroxylapatite:</strong> used in a hyper-diluted form and restores firmness inside the skin</li>
</ul>

<ol>
	<li><strong>Poly-L-Lactic Acid (PLLA)</strong>: used to define the facial structure</li>
	<li><strong>Polymethyl Methacrylate:</strong> used to fill up hollows and dentures</li>
</ol>

<p>The first two compounds will eventually break down inside the body; only polymethyl methacrylate cannot be metabolised.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Preparation:</strong> It is advised to avoid skin-abrasive procedures, such as waxing or tweezing prior to the treatment, and to only use gentle facial products.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Aftercare:</strong> Involves avoiding alcohol, retinol, oil-based makeup; no strenuous exercise for a day; staying out of the sun; and not sleeping on your back for a few days.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>Of all these different treatments, it is best to choose the right fit for your skin type. Research and consult with your cosmetologist. A combination of two or more types of cosmetic treatments could be done to help you achieve the results that you require.&nbsp;</p>

<p>However, it is important to choose a cosmetologist who gives a wide variety of options in terms of cosmetic brands, as an over inclination towards a single brand name means subsidisation, and it might not be the right choice for you.&nbsp;</p>

Zuha Malik

Medilink Consultant clinic

Saad Ullah Siddiqui

Retinoids and Sunscreen - A Love Affair

Introduction

<p>In recent years, retinol has gained significant popularity in the <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/the-trinity-of-skincare">skincare </a>market because of its anti-aging benefits and beneficial effects on acne and skin tone. Retinoids are a class of drugs derived from vitamin A. Retinoids includes both over-the-counter products in doses up to 2% and prescription medication. Both retinol and retinoic acid fall under the umbrella of retinoids.</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Retinoids have been proven to encourage cell turnover, </span><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal;">treat </span><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">acne, fight hyperpigmentation, stimulate collagen, and soften wrinkles in multiple studies. However, with so much information available about retinoids, the dos and don’ts can get quite complicated.&nbsp;</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br></span></p>

Understanding Use Of Retinoids And Sunscreen In Skincare

<p dir="ltr">Retinols are over the counter formulations of vitamin A that when applied to the skin undergo a chemical transformation and turn into retinoic acid. However, prescription retinoids are more potent because they have already undergone that chemical transformation. Retinoic acid is the active ingredient which does all the magic. The true benefits of retinoids are more complex than just anti-aging. The retinoids work at the skin&rsquo;s cellular level, increase the production of collagen, and decrease collagen breakdown. They help improve the general tone and texture of the skin.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">With consistent use, retinoids reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Moreover, some people even report a more even complexion and clearer skin with the use of retinoids. The vitamin A formulation also helps fight acne. Walk into a dermatologist&rsquo;s office and the chances are that they&rsquo;ll recommend two products: retinol and sunscreen. While SPF is a no-brainer because of the harmful effects of the sun, dermatologists consider retinoids and sunscreen the gold standard ingredients for any skincare regime. Several studies have shown that the ingredients don&rsquo;t only slow the signs of aging, but also reverse them!</p>

<p dir="ltr">But it&rsquo;s not as simple as that. As wonderful as the benefits of retinoids and sunscreen may sound, there are a few ground rules. SPF is non-negotiable! Especially, when it comes to regular use of retinoids and sun exposure.</p>

<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">Retinoids, including retinol, retinoic acid and retinyl palmitate, are derivatives of vitamin A, a key nutrient for boosting cell turnover. It&rsquo;s a popular topical skincare ingredient for promoting skin renewal, reducing acne, and boosting collagen production. The vitamin functions like an antioxidant that helps fight free radical damage which leads to visible signs of aging.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">Retinoids get rid of dull skin, clogged pores, and dead skin cells. They are available as serums, gels, creams, and emollients. Though, retinol makes the skin more sensitive to the sun. The photosensitivity comes with the way retinoids work. While retinoids boost cell turnover and eliminate dull skin cells, they also leave the new skin cells unprotected. This can cause them to easily burn. Therefore, it is essential to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen, even if you&rsquo;re staying inside all day.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">The key to safely using retinoids is sunscreen. It is recommended that you apply and reapply sunscreen every day to avoid sunburn when retinoid is a part of your skincare routine. Below are some sun safety tips to keep your skin healthy when using retinoids:&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li>Apply at least an ounce of sunscreen to your face and body. There is no such thing as too much sunscreen! Remember to apply it to your ears, neck, and back of your hands.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Essentially, sunscreen should be reapplied every 2 hours. But if you feel that your skin needs more SPF, reapply earlier.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>For even more sun protection, cover up with a hat, and sunglasses, and wear long sleeves and pants to protect yourself from the sun.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Try and stay indoors during peak sunlight hours between 10 am and 4 pm.</li>
</ul>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">There is a lot of ambiguity when it comes to introducing retinoids to your skincare routine. When should you apply it? How often should you apply it? Why does it irritate the skin? How long before you start seeing results? And so on. We&rsquo;ve answered the most common retinoids FAQs below:&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>

<div>
<div class="container" style="max-width:1320px; padding:0px; width:966.007px">
<div class="content">
<div>
<h5><strong>1. How To Use Retinol?</strong></h5>
</div>

<div>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">Dermatologists recommend that you apply retinol at night, after cleansing and drying your skin. If you&rsquo;ve just introduced retinol to your skincare routine, start with a lower strength and apply only a small pea-size amount. Applying it as a part of your nighttime routine is best because it gives your skin a chance to recover overnight. More importantly, avoid sun exposure as much as possible. Sunlight breaks down the retinoid and reduces its effectiveness. You can also start using it just on alternate nights and slowly work your way up to every night.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">Reminder: When using retinoids as a part of your nighttime skincare regimen, it is absolutely critical to use sunscreen during the day. Not only does it help protect your skin from the sun but also maintains the efficacy of your topical retinoid.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">If you have dry skin, you can pair your retinoid with a simple moisturizer. Studies have shown that layering topical retinoids over a moisturizer can minimize skin irritation without interfering with its potency.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<ul style="list-style-type:none !important; margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div>
<div class="container" style="max-width:1320px; padding:0px; width:966.007px">
<div class="content">
<div>
<h5><strong>2. How Should You Layer Your Other Skincare Products With Retinoids?</strong></h5>
</div>

<div>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">Although dermatologists are a bit divided on how you should layer your skincare products, a clear majority agree that you should start from the thinnest consistency product to the thickest. For example, you can start with a toner, followed by a serum, and apply any topical treatments like retinoids, and then lotions or creams at the end. If you&rsquo;re using multiple serums, then start with the serum having the thinnest consistency.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">It is also essential to let each layer of your skincare products fully absorb before you apply the next one. Rule of thumb: always start with a clean face. Layering products correctly is important if you want them to work. If you&rsquo;re applying toner after a serum, the second product will not penetrate the skin. The serum&rsquo;s large molecules will lock out the toner&rsquo;s smaller molecules. You&rsquo;ll just be wasting the product.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<ul style="list-style-type:none !important; margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div>
<div class="container" style="max-width:1320px; padding:0px; width:966.007px">
<div class="content">
<div>
<h5><strong>3. When Should You Introduce Retinoids To Your Skincare Routine?</strong></h5>
</div>

<div>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">For many years, retinoids have been a holy grail for women in their 30s. But now many women in their 20s are motivated to introduce retinoids to their skincare routine. Either because of early signs of aging or simply to get a head start on the benefits of retinoids. Your mid-twenties are a great time to introduce retinoids under the supervision of your dermatologist. Many women have been swearing by it for years.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<ul style="list-style-type:none !important; margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div>
<div class="container" style="max-width:1320px; padding:0px; width:966.007px">
<div class="content">
<div>
<h5><strong>4. Should You Use Retinoids In The Summer?</strong></h5>
</div>

<div>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">There is a lot of misinformation about when and how to use retinoids. For example, one such myth is that you shouldn&rsquo;t be using retinoids in the summer because it makes the skin more sensitive to the sun. So, let&rsquo;s dig into this common myth. Introducing retinoids to your skin in the summer is actually a good idea because your skin tends to be more moisturized during warmer months. Whereas in winter, the skin tends to feel drier. Additional hydration because of the humidity may actually prevent the dryness and flaking that often accompanies retinoid use.&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<ul style="list-style-type:none !important; margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div>
<div class="container" style="max-width:1320px; padding:0px; width:966.007px">
<div class="content">
<div>
<p style="margin-left:0; margin-right:0">&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<ul style="list-style-type:none !important; margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div>
<div class="container" style="max-width:1320px; padding:0px; width:966.007px">
<div class="content">
<div>
<h5><strong>5. Can You Apply Retinoids Around The Eyes?</strong></h5>
</div>

<div>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">It is typically assumed that the area around the eyes is very sensitive to using retinoids. However, the area around your eyes is the first area the wrinkles appear and can benefit most from the collagen-stimulating effects of retinoids. If you have sensitive skin around the eyes, you can also just layer the skin with a moisturizer or eye cream followed by the retinoid.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<ul style="list-style-type:none !important; margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div>
<div class="container" style="max-width:1320px; padding:0px; width:966.007px">
<div class="content">
<div>
<h5><strong>6. Will A Stronger Retinoid Give Better And Faster Results?</strong></h5>
</div>

<div>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">As far as strength is concerned, there is a common misconception that the strongest formula will provide faster results. But jumping into the strongest formula will do you more harm than good. You need to build a tolerance for retinoids first. If you begin with the strongest formula, you can even have irritating side effects.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">Similarly, what works well for one person may not for the other. While there are many over-the-counter formulas available, speak with a dermatologist and they will help you decide what percentage strength, frequency, and formula work best for your skin type.</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<ul>
	<li>Retinoids are a vitamin A derivative that can help improve the texture of the skin and combat skin conditions, such as acne.</li>
	<li>Retinoids also increase cell turnover and stimulate the production of collagen, providing anti-aging effects.</li>
	<li>Common side effects of retinoids include itchy, dry skin and redness. However, these side effects can easily be managed by layering the retinoids with a moisturizer.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Retinoids are a great addition to your skincare routine. Fortunately, you can now choose from different options of gels, creams, and serums &ndash; whatever suits your skin best. This makes it easy for almost anyone to tolerate a retinoid.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>As popular as retinoids are, they also increase skin&rsquo;s sensitivity to the sun, so make sure you&rsquo;re investing in a broad-spectrum SPF with the retinoids. While some amount of irritation is normal, be sure to consult a dermatologist if anything goes out of hand!&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

Staff Writer

Five Protein Masks For Your Hair

<p>Does your hair feel dry and brittle? The shine&rsquo;s missing, too. It&rsquo;s not just a bad hair day. Every day, it&rsquo;s the same. Whoever heard of flipping unhealthy hair? It&rsquo;s a nightmare to even imagine it. Especially if there&rsquo;s breakage or maybe dandruff. Ugh!</p>

<p>It&rsquo;s high time you take back control and bring back that luster, softness, and strength. It should always have been sleek, silky hair or, you know, bouncy curls. That&rsquo;s what you want, too. You want to feel that confidence that comes with healthy hair.</p>

<p>But before you go ahead with expensive experiments at your salon, why not try some remedies at home? The nourishment your hair needs is in your kitchen.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Protein hair masks

<p>Of all of the types of hair masks that you could use, protein hair masks are among the best. This is because these types of masks stimulate the production and strengthening of keratin, the protein component of hair and nails.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Some of the protein-rich foods that are easily available and that you can source locally are:&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li>Eggs</li>
	<li>Yogurt</li>
	<li><a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/milk-a-nutritional-powerhouse" target="_blank">Milk</a></li>
	<li>Cheese</li>
	<li>Nuts and seeds&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Legumes and beans&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Coconut milk</li>
</ul>

<p>Now, you can use all of these ingredients to make an incredible protein pack for your hair, along with a combination of natural conditioners, such as olive and coconut oil, banana puree, and honey. Or you can squeeze in some citrus fruit juices, such as those of lemons and oranges for cleansing your scalp and further stimulating collagen production.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;You can easily whip up these in your kitchen today:<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>&nbsp;1. The Regular</strong></h5>

<p><strong>Ingredients</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>1 egg yolk</li>
	<li>2 tablespoon yogurt</li>
	<li>1 tablespoon lemon juice</li>
	<li>1/2 tablespoon olive oil&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Components: </strong>Folate, vitamins A &amp; E, biotin, whey and casein proteins, squalene, lactic acid, oleic acid, and citric acid.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Directions:</strong> If you&rsquo;ve grown up desi, chances are you&rsquo;ve already tried this mask at least once in your life. You&rsquo;d want to mix these ingredients together and apply the paste directly onto your roots while progressing outwardly with your fingers to the tips of your hair.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>How This works</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>The biotin, whey, and casein proteins replenish your hair.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>The squalene and oleic acid moisturise and lock collagen into the strands.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Vitamins A &amp; E supports scalp health by producing sebum and then preserving the protective lipid layer on a follicular level.</li>
	<li>Citric and lactic acids fight off dandruff and promote hair growth by strengthening the follicles with a protective coating.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Word Of Caution:</strong> Be careful not to add over half a tablespoon of olive oil to this concoction. This is because olive oil is extremely dense and washing it out might become difficult afterwards.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>2. The &lsquo;Aha!&rsquo; Mask</strong></h5>

<p><strong>Ingredients</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>2 tablespoon coconut milk</li>
	<li>1 egg</li>
	<li>1 teaspoon white sugar</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Components</strong>: Globulin and albumin proteins, biotin, folate, lauric acid, vitamins C &amp; E, alpha hydroxy acid (AHA).&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Directions</strong>: Mix the sugar into the coconut milk until it&rsquo;s partially dissolved and then add in the egg. Apply directly onto your roots while progressing outward. Cover with a shower cap and wash away after two hours.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>How this works</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>The sugar inside this mask contains alpha hydroxy acid (AHA), which removes dead skin cells. This ensures that the conditioning from other ingredients is more effective.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Coconut milk is an excellent source of multiple vitamins, such as C and E as well as variations of the vitamin B. It also contains protein and fat, and will both replenish, condition, and protect your hair strands.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>The egg yolk provides an additional dose of protein whereas its whites clean the scalp of excess oil.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Word Of Caution:</strong> If you have dry hair, it might be best to skip the egg whites and stick only to the egg yolk. This is because egg whites remove excess <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/how-to-oil-your-hair" target="_blank">oil from hair</a> and can have a counterproductive effect on your conditioning efforts.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>3. The Breakfast Smoothie</strong></h5>

<p><strong>Ingredients</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>1 tablespoon of any nut butter (peanut, almond, or mixed nut and seed)</li>
	<li>3 tablespoons milk</li>
	<li>2 tablespoons coconut oil</li>
	<li>1 tablespoon honey<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Components: </strong>Casein, whey, and vegetable protein, B vitamins, phosphorus, zinc, and lauric and lactic acid.</p>

<p><strong>Directions: </strong>Gently warm the milk and add to a bowl. Mix in nut butter until dissolved and then add coconut oil. Apply paste onto roots and in outward directions towards the ends until all strands are covered.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>How This Works</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>Vegetable protein is easier than animal protein for the hair to absorb and retain.</li>
	<li>Nut butter also contains phosphorus and zinc, which strengthen, repairs, and promotes the growth of hair cells.</li>
	<li>Milk provides an additional dose of protein that is locked in by the lauric acid in coconut oil.</li>
	<li>The coconut oil also conditions the hair, an action that is then reinforced by the emollients in honey.</li>
	<li>Honey also acts as a humectant, which means that it locks moisture into the hair.<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Word Of Caution: </strong>There&rsquo;s nothing really to watch out for here, but you can replace animal milk with nut milk if you like.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>4.Ghar Ki Murghi</strong></h5>

<p><strong>Ingredients</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>&frac12; cup lentils</li>
	<li>1 teaspoon fenugreek seeds</li>
	<li>1 teaspoon honey</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Components: </strong>Vegetable protein, iron, folate, phosphorus, flavonoids, and saponins.&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Directions: </strong>Soak the lentils and fenugreek seeds in equal parts water overnight. Blend into a paste, mix in honey, and apply to the hair. Cover with a shower cap for a couple of hours.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>How This Works</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>Lentils contain high quantities of vegetable protein as well as iron, folate, and phosphorus. The iron oxidizes the blood cells and, in turn, rejuvenates hair follicles.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Fenugreek seeds have a similar impact.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Flavonoids truncate the transition phase from hair cell resting to growth stage.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Saponins cleanse and thicken hair, making them feel silkier and softer.&nbsp;<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Word Of Caution</strong>: There&rsquo;s nothing to watch out for here either, but you can use either legume or seed if you like.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>5.&nbsp; Banana Sundae</strong></h5>

<p><strong>Ingredients</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>1 medium-sized banana</li>
	<li>2 tablespoons coconut oil</li>
	<li>1 tablespoon honey</li>
	<li>1 tablespoon yogurt</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Components:</strong> Silica, isopentyl acetate, casein and whey protein, and lauric acid.</p>

<p><strong>Directions:</strong> Mash the banana until it reaches a uniform consistency. Then add the remaining ingredients and apply.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>How This Works</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>The silica in bananas boosts hair texture from within. It also contains isopentyl acetate, which is a natural oil that deeply conditions the hair.</li>
	<li>Lauric acid has a similar impact.</li>
	<li>The honey helps preserve this improved texture.<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p>You can mix and match the ingredients listed above to find a hair pack that works best for you. Ideally, apply it once a week and keep on for a maximum of two hours at a time.</p>

How To Oil Your Hair?

<p>Due to constant exposure to the sun and artificial heat, our hair gradually starts to lose its organic lustre, strength and overall health. While consuming a nutritious diet that is rich in <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/a-guide-to-essential-vitamins-and-micronutrients-and-should-you-be-taking-them">vitamins </a>A, E, and C, as well as collagen, reduces the impact of external damage, sometimes topical assistance becomes necessary in order to optimise and maintain hair health.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>Traditionally, topical hair aid includes hair masks and oiling. For the time being, let&rsquo;s just focus on the benefits and method of application of various hair oils:&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

benefits Of Hair oiling

<p>&nbsp;Oiling hair is an excellent method to recover hair health. It not only strengthens and nourishes, but also stimulates hair growth. It&rsquo;s got an advantage over other methods because oiling is incomplete without a scalp massage.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>A scalp massage encourages the dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood circulation and oxygen to your hair follicles. Just using your fingertips to apply a gentle pressure to the scalp can do wonders:</p>

<ul>
	<li>It reduces stress.</li>
	<li>It increases the thickness of hair.</li>
	<li>It dispenses nourishment (such as vitamins A, E, and C, or depending upon the oil that&rsquo;s being used) to the very base of the hair and inside the follicles.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>It eradicates dryness by deeply conditioning the scalp.&nbsp;<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5><strong>1. Coconut Oil</strong></h5>

<p>This one&rsquo;s loaded with benefits. Are you looking for something to reduce hair loss? Well, you&rsquo;ve got it &mdash; coconut oil. It even doubles as a remedy to treat head lice.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Coconut oil easily absorbs into your hair due to the shape of its chemical bonds: medium-chain fatty acids that give it a long and straight structure. The fat content would also help you deal with dandruff issues by killing off fungal growth and yeast present in your scalp.&nbsp;<br />
Further, it&rsquo;s deeply nourishing due to high vitamin A and E levels. The vitamins would protect your hair from UV rays, which damage your hair whenever you&rsquo;re outside in the sun.&nbsp;<br />
Coconut oil is considered ideal for people with straight and silky hair, but it&rsquo;s equally beneficial for other hair types as well.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>2. Mustard Oil</strong></h5>

<p>Mustard oil has similar benefits as coconut oil, including its deep conditioning and anti-fungal qualities. It is also used to treat inflammation such as that found in psoriasis (a skin disease that causes rough and itchy patches), folliculitis (scalp irritation due to an inflammation of hair follicle cells) and eczema.&nbsp;<br />
However, mustard oil might not be suitable for all hair types. It is usually recommended for curly hair.&nbsp;</p>

<h5><br />
<strong>3. Olive Oil</strong></h5>

<div>
<p>Olive oil is rich in antioxidants that promote hair growth. Compounds like emollients, too, are present in olive oil; they are responsible to keep your hair soft. And its fatty acid content makes olive oil a great conditioner, one that reduces split ends and increases lustre.&nbsp;<br />
While its benefits have been touted for thousands of centuries, olive oil is not a good fit for people with thin hair and it should NOT be applied in large quantities. The reason for this is pretty simple: the oil&rsquo;s extremely dense texture could weigh down hair or become difficult to remove once applied.&nbsp;<br />
And if you&rsquo;ve recently got a chemical treatment, then wait at least three days after the treatment before you apply olive oil to your hair. Otherwise, it might leave a green tint.&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<h5><br />
<strong>4. Argan Oil</strong></h5>

<div>
<p>Sometimes referred to as &ldquo;liquid gold&rdquo;, argan oil has numerous health benefits for the hair. It is rich in antioxidants, locks in moisture, as well as protects from sun and chemical treatment damage.&nbsp;<br />
Furthermore, argan oil promotes hair growth due to large quantities of Vitamin E.&nbsp;<br />
However, it should always be stored in dark-coloured bottles in order to maintain its properties as light can break down some of its composition.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>
</div>

Way To Oil Your Hair

<ol start="1" style="list-style-type:decimal">
	<li>Stand in front of a mirror and divide the hair into various sections.</li>
	<li>Take small quantities of the oil (about a few drops each time) into your palm or on your fingers and gently massage it in small circular motions at the base of the hair.</li>
	<li>Once all of the hair is covered, give an overall head massage with the tips of your fingers. Be gentle, though &mdash; rigorous massage can do more harm than good.</li>
	<li>Leave the oil in for a couple of hours before washing it away.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ol>

<p><strong><strong>Can You Do It Frequently?</strong></strong><br />
&nbsp;Oiling hair and giving oneself a scalp massage about once a week can help you maintain healthy hair.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>Choosing the right oil for yourself is tricky. Like any other experiment, it involves trial and error. But once you&rsquo;ve mastered the technique, you&rsquo;re good to go. Start by running a few searches, asking people with a similar hair texture as yours, or even just picking up a sample bottle and trying it first-hand!&nbsp;</p>

Everything You Need To Know About Getting (And Removing) A Tattoo!

<p>Tattooing is the process of etching designs on your body via the insertion of pigments, inks and dyes. This practice is as old as civilisation itself and actually dates back to 6,000BCE. Some reasons people get tattoos are artistic expression, religious or cultural reasons, sentimental reasons. Nowadays, however, it&rsquo;s mostly a matter of self-expression.</p>

<p>The first modern tattoo machine was modelled after Thomas Edison&rsquo;s engraving machine. Nowadays, the most commonly used tool is an electric tattoo gun that has a single or multiple needles that deliver the pigment inside the skin.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

Tattooing

<p>Our skin has three layers, epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The pigment or ink is inserted into all three layers. Why doesn&rsquo;t the skin try to expel it? Surprisingly, this works because of our <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/how-an-over-prescription-of-antibiotics-affects-your-immune-system" target="_blank">immune system</a>.&nbsp;</p>

<p>During the process of tattooing, the tattoo needle punctures our skin somewhere from 50 to 3,000 times. This is obviously traumatic along with the fact that it deposits a foreign substance within the layers of the skin. This elicits an immune response which sends macrophages &mdash; white blood cells that work to eat up any foreign substances or pathogens that might enter the body. Once ingested, these substances will be broken down.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>What happens with tattoo ink however is that it&rsquo;s not biodegradable so even though the macrophages pick it up, they can&rsquo;t destroy it, they just pack it in tiny little bags and that&rsquo;s how the inked structure stays intact on our skin.&nbsp;</p>

<p>What happens when these cells reach the end of their life? They release the ink and new macrophages come and engulf it to keep it going. This happens so fast that to the naked human eye it all looks permanent. Some of the ink also gets suspended in the <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/collagen-the-secret-to-healthy-skin-hair-and-bones">collagen </a>network while some is eaten up my fibroblasts.&nbsp;</p>

<p>It takes two to four weeks for the skin to completely heal from this process during which the damaged outer layers flake away and new cells come up. These fade overtime owing to the fact that some of the released ink upon cell death ends up in lymphatic vessels (lymph node biopsies on tattooed people have shown ink particles). Ultraviolet light also breaks it down.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li>The pain experienced during the process of tattooing depends on your own tolerance. The process can either be mildly discomforting or excruciatingly painful.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Getting a tattoo may result into an infection or an allergic reaction (blue, red dyes especially) or a scar (keloids). However, when strict safety and health precautions are followed this risk can be eradicated. Red Cross and OSHA even provide blood-borne pathogen training to tattoo artists.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Some tattoo inks have trace amounts of nickel in it, this might trigger a metal allergy.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>The rapid insertion of needle might rupture tiny blood vessels in the skin leading to the formation of a bruise.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>If your artist doesn&rsquo;t make sure the needle is clean you can end up with viral infections. So always go to a certified tattoo parlor where all rules and guidelines are followed.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Ensure good hygiene is being maintained by your tattoo artist, aprons, protective equipment for eyes and gloves are being worn.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Some artist will make you sign a consent form that highlights any complications and methods of aftercare.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Sun protection becomes even more important than it normally is once you get a tattoo. So, make sure you wear an SPF 50+ daily.</li>
	<li>Certain colours might be more harmful, such as red, pink purple and orange. Try not to go for lighter colours and opt for the classic black tattoo.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Last, but not the least, excess weight gain or weight loss will cause your tattoo to change shape as well.&nbsp;<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p>This begins as soon as your tattoo artist finishes your tattoo. They will apply an antibiotic ointment and a bandage on top which you need to keep on for a few hours to ensure absorption of both the ink and the antibiotic.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Once a few hours have passed, you can wash the area with soap and warm water and moisturise it. It&rsquo;s normal for the skin to be a little red and sore at this point. During the healing stage make sure you cover it up with sunscreen and light clothing. Wear light clothes over the area and avoid scratching it or going swimming. If there are any symptoms of an infection get it checked immediately.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>As the area heals you will notice thin scabs forming over it, it&rsquo;s important to not disturb this natural healing process and just make sure you keep it clean and continue to normally wash the skin. You can apply moisturiser to relieve the itching and these scabs will eventually fall off on their own within two weeks or so while the redness will also go away.&nbsp;</p>

<p>If this doesn&rsquo;t happen then you might need to get it checked. Some people use coconut oil as well and some prefer to dry heal, but it&rsquo;s important that you do what you can to ensure there&rsquo;s no scratching or infection.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p>Let&rsquo;s say for some reason, you change your mind about your tattoo, there are methods by which you can get rid of it. Older tattoos, tattoos on the upper body and tattoos with black ink are the easiest to remove. Lower extremity and new tattoos made with bright colours are harder to remove.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li><strong>Laser Removal :&nbsp;</strong>This is the new gold standard for tattoo removal. It&rsquo;s also the most common method and has replaced all previous methods of tattoo removal. It&rsquo;s easier to perform with darker colours like black or blue and the results depend on skin colour and depth at which the ink was inserted.&nbsp;<br />
	It will require multiple sittings and will take around seven weeks or more to complete. It rarely results in scarring but if you&rsquo;re someone with a history of keloids or get scarred easily then you might benefit from more spaced out sessions.&nbsp;<br />
	<br />
	Laser fractions the tattoo particles stored in the macrophages into smaller pieces over time and they are then eventually washed away by the body. This process is called Selective Photo-thermolysis &mdash; which translates to using light to heat up ink in order to break it down. The process might be uncomfortable but is fairly tolerable since numbing cream, local anaesthesia with lidocaine or cooling agents are used beforehand and the process is fast. One doctor even came up with the method of firing laser through a microscopic glass slide instead of directly at the skin in order to effectively reduce the pain/discomfort.<br />
	Some redness swelling, change in skin pigmentation, texture, paradoxical darkening (with lighter colours) and pinpoint bleeding is common. There&rsquo;s no need for any creams or antibiotic ointments since the process is completely sterile.<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
	<li><strong>Removal By Replacement:&nbsp;</strong>This is still very commonly used where an older unwanted tattoo is &lsquo;covered up&rsquo; or modified into a new one. It&rsquo;s important to note that it will require a darker colour to be used.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p>Some older methods of tattoo removal were mostly mechanical and came with increased risk of irritation and scarring. These included:&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li>Trichloroacetic acid (burns the skin off)</li>
	<li>Sal-abrasion (scrubbing the skin with salt)</li>
	<li>Cryosurgery</li>
	<li>Excision</li>
	<li>Tannic acid&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Garlic&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Lemon juice</li>
</ul>

<p>And believe it or not, some tattoos, especially those on the hands, fade by themselves over time.&nbsp;</p>

Dr. Safia Mehmood

A Basic Skincare Guide For Men

<p>Basic skincare is gender neutral: cleanse, exfoliate, and moisturise. But since men have more testosterone in their bodies, male skin tends to be thicker and oilier. This texture slows down the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, which means that men have a reduced need to apply <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/collagen-the-secret-to-healthy-skin-hair-and-bones">collagen synthesisers</a>, such as retinol, but an increased need to exfoliate and cleanse.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Skincare Guide for Men

<p dir="ltr">The primary form of skincare for men is actually hygiene maintenance.&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li>A good quality cleanser will clean up the top layer of the skin;&nbsp;</li>
	<li>An exfoliator will scoop out dead skin cells, excess oil, and dirt from the pores;&nbsp;</li>
	<li>A moisturiser will restore any essential oil that&rsquo;s been accidentally washed down the drain.&nbsp;</li>
	<li>But since the under-eye area is thinner in texture, men notice the first signs of aging here. This makes under-eye creams and serums a good investment.&nbsp;<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<h5><strong>What About The Beard?</strong></h5>

<p>Another important aspect of male skincare is the presence or absence of facial hair. People who shave typically use an antiseptic substance, known as aftershave, immediately after. This closes up the pores and kills off any harmful bacteria that might invade the exposed epidermis (top layer of the skin).&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">However, experts believe that there&rsquo;s actually no real need to apply an aftershave because the same germ and bacteria can be killed with a good splash of soapy water. The same experts also believe that alcohol-based aftershaves are detrimental in the long-term, not to mention painful to use, as they will strip the skin of essential oils.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">If needed, natural bactericides, such as coconut and jojoba oil, can be a good alternative to the infamous sting.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>Beard Dandruff (Seborrheic Dermatitis)</strong></h5>

<p dir="ltr">If you don&rsquo;t shave at all, you&rsquo;d want to work harder at cleaning out dead skin and dirt from underneath the beard. Otherwise, you&rsquo;d end up with seborrheic dermatitis, which sounds like a terrible disease, but is actually just another name for pesky beard dandruff. One way to prevent this is to apply steam (through a hot shower or a warm, wet washcloth); it softens the skin underneath the beard and makes it easier to exfoliate and cleanse<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>Gender Neutrality And The Essential Difference</strong></h5>

<p dir="ltr">At the end of the day, basic skincare is extremely gender neutral and revolves around maintaining a good hygiene and delaying premature aging due to UV rays. The idea that skincare is a feminine enterprise is dated and was rooted simply in the aforementioned texture.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">The perennial &ldquo;lesser effort&rdquo; in maintaining male skin exists only in one direction - moisturizing and inducing collagen production-, and the other one (keeping it clean) requires twice as much work, especially with the presence of facial hair.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">Additionally, since male skin has larger pores, due to the aforementioned sebaceous glands, men who prefer to reduce their appearance can and should use serums for enlarged pores. Everyone has a right to optimise their physical appearance without being shamed for it, especially with something as basic as this. The best way to do it, however, is to understand the science &mdash; or inner workings &mdash; of our respective skin types and address whatever problem naturally occurs.</p>

Deconstructing The Latest Beauty Trend: Gua Sha And The Use Of Derma Rollers

<p>Traditional Chinese medicine practices gua sha, kerokan, or the act of using derma rollers. It is said to remove stagnant qi (pronounces &ldquo;chi&rdquo;) or energy to get rid of disease and malaise. While the practice is being widely marketed today as a facial beauty tool, it has historically been used all across the body.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

Use of Derma Rollers

<p dir="ltr">While it is currently being performed with semiprecious stones, the practice has historically utilised a variety of smooth-edged tools, such as wooden spoons, jade and bian stones, or, according to one observer, even a coin. The objective is to achieve slight petechiae or <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/before-and-after-make-up-how-to-prep-your-skin-and-how-to-clean-it-off">redness in the skin</a> from scraping.&nbsp;</p>

<p>This redness appears as little dots of blood under the skin, resembling sand, which is where the practice derives its name from &mdash; gua means scrape and sha means sand.<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">Some of the beauty benefits of gua sha which earned the practice its contemporary popularity include</p>

<ul>
	<li>Boosting collagen production&nbsp;</li>
	<li>Reducing puffiness</li>
	<li>Reducing muscle tension</li>
	<li>Brightening the complexion</li>
	<li>Decreasing inflammation</li>
	<li>Reducing dark circles</li>
	<li>Sculpting the face<br />
	&nbsp;</li>
</ul>

<p dir="ltr">All of these benefits derive simply from the lymphatic drainage that occurs through a repeated massage of a certain area in a particular direction. In 1990, David Graston in the United States translated gua sha into Western physical therapy, proving that scraping does have benefits on the muscle tissue. However, the special use of semiprecious stones, such as rose quartz, black obsidian, and jade, is not necessary in order to achieve these results.&nbsp;</p>

<p>In fact, a full body gua sha or scraping can very easily be done at home without falling into a capitalist marketing scheme with potential cultural appropriation issues. All you need is a wooden spoon.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">Gua sha is performed by first going over the muscles in a direction that&rsquo;s perpendicular to them, and then going along their length. The perpendicular motion softens up the muscular tissue and prepares the lymph vessels for emptying; the lengthwise motion smoothens the muscles and completes the act of drainage. The redness resulting from this process typically disappears within a few days.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">Facial scraping, however, is slightly different. Since the skin tissue here is thinner, gua sha must be performed more gently. Also, a perpendicular motion is not required here as that might cause an unnecessary strain. Facial gua sha is performed by using the nose as an axis point and going over with the tool in an outward direction.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">The frequency of facial gua sha depends upon your tolerance for it. While it is recommended that you start with a weekly practice, results typically improve when performed daily. On the body, experts suggest it once per season. It&rsquo;s best to hire a trained expert to do that.&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">So, you don&rsquo;t need to purchase expensive semiprecious crystals in order to get the benefits of gua sha &mdash; unless you believe in their energetic frequencies and warding off evil. In that case, please knock yourself out!&nbsp;</p>

<p>SPF (Sun Protection Factor) is the measuring factor for protection from the sun’s UVB rays. SPF 15 blocks 93% of UVB rays, and SPF 30 blocks 97% of the UVB rays. Moreover, SPF 50 blocks 98% of the UVB rays. Experts recommend using between SPF 30 and 50 for sufficient protection against the sun. However, for complete protection, you might want to go above SPF 50+.</p><p><br></p>

Understanding SPF In Sunscreens

<p dir="ltr">You also need to make sure that your <a href="https://merisehat.pk/article/retinoids-and-sunscreen-a-love-affair">sunscreen</a> is broad-spectrum, which means that it should have both UVA and UVB rays. Both UVA and UVB rays have overlapping effects. They can cause burns and premature ageing. However, UVA rays are for dark spots and fine lines, while UVB rays play a very significant role in the production of sunburns and cancer.</p>

<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>

<p>Everyone who is under the sun should be wearing sunscreen, no matter what their skin tone is.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>How Much Sunscreen Do You Need?</strong></h5>

<p>You need half a teaspoon of sunscreen for your face and neck, and one ounce for your entire body. Since sunscreens break down with time, it is recommended that you re-apply it every two hours, and more frequently if you sweat a lot or if you are a swimmer. In both cases, your sunscreen breaks down faster. Moreover, the best practice is to use sunscreen at least thirty minutes before sun exposure.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p dir="ltr">There are two types of sunscreens, mineral sunscreen and physical sunscreen. But which one is better? Both mineral and physical sunscreens absorb UV rays and help in preventing skin damage. However, mineral sunscreen also reflects some UV rays. So, the conclusion is that neither is better than the other because they both use different active ingredients. The actives in chemical sunscreens are avobenzone and homosalvate. Moreover, mineral sunscreens contain zinc oxide and titanium.</p>

<p dir="ltr">In addition to sunscreen, the American Cancer Society also recommends having a holistic approach to sun protection. They recommend wearing protective clothing, avoiding tanning beds, and seeking shade between 10 am to 4 pm. All of these can cause long-term skin damage and contribute to skin cancer.</p>

<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>

<h5><strong>Which Sunscreen Is The Best?</strong></h5>

<p dir="ltr">The best sunscreen is the one that you will want to wear every day. Sunscreens are available based on your skin type and complexion, which easily blend into the skin. There is a right pick for everyone.</p>

<p dir="ltr">&nbsp;</p>

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<div class="content">
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<h5>&nbsp;</h5>

<ul>
	<li>
	<h5><strong>Protects Your Skin</strong></h5>
	</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">Sunscreens protect your skin from UV rays that are harmful to the skin because the depletion of the ozone layer has increased our chances of sun damage. Sunscreens block these rays, which reduces the likeliness of sunburn. Furthermore, look for a sunscreen that is no less than 30+ SPF to use every day. For full-body coverage, you will need to use at least one ounce of sunscreen.</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">&nbsp;</p>
</div>

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<ul>
	<li>
	<h5><strong>Lowers The Risk Of Skin Cancer</strong></h5>
	</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">The most common form of cancer in the United States is skin cancer<sup><a href="#accordion">[1]</a></sup>. According to CDC, 71,943 people had been diagnosed with melanomas of the skin in 2013. In addition, 9,394 of them were fatal<sup><a href="#accordion">[2]</a></sup>. When you apply sunscreen every day, you reduce your risk of getting skin cancer to half.</p>

<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<ul style="list-style-type:none !important; margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">
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<ul>
	<li>
	<h5><strong>Prevents Premature Aging Of The Skin</strong></h5>
	</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div>
<p style="margin-left:0; margin-right:0">UV rays damage the skin and cause photoaging. It is characterized by a thick and leathery look in addition to discoloration and breakdown of collagen which causes wrinkles or sagging. Studies say that those who apply sunscreen religiously before the age of 55 have 24% fewer chances of developing signs of ageing, compared to those who don&rsquo;t<sup><a href="#accordion">[3]</a></sup>.</p>
</div>

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</div>

<div>
<ul>
	<li>
	<h5><strong>Maintains The Skin Tone</strong></h5>
	</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div>
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<p dir="ltr" style="margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">Sunscreen protects the skin from discoloration and dark spots caused by sun damage. It helps you in maintaining a smoother and more even skin tone.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>

<ul style="list-style-type:none !important; margin-left:0px !important; margin-right:0px !important">
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<p>It has been recommended that infants, seniors, and people who have had a history of skin cancer take extra precautions against skin cancer because their skin is vulnerable. Everyone should prioritize using sunscreen before stepping outdoors and avoid prolonged exposure to the sun. A wide-brim hat and ultraviolet protection clothing are also helpful in protecting against UV rays.</p>

<p>Infants have very sensitive skin. Therefore, babies under six months should avoid spending a lot of time under direct sun. Moreover, infants and toddlers who are older than six months with thinner skin should use sunscreen that contains zinc oxide and titanium oxide. Zinc and titanium do not irritate the skin because they don&rsquo;t penetrate it and sit on the surface instead, deflecting UV radiation.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<ul><li style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Sunscreens are important because UV rays penetrate deep into the skin, causing damage, wrinkling, and photoaging. All of which contribute to skin cancer. Moreover, UVB rays are the biggest contributors to skin cancer and are more prevalent during the day.</span></li><li style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">SPF protects your skin from the sun, meaning if you’re using SPF 15, you can stay in the sun fifteen times longer compared to without protection.</span></li><li style="line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">You should look out for sunscreens that provide broad-spectrum protection, are water-resistant, and have active ingredients. For example, zinc and titanium oxide.</span></li></ul><p><br></p>

[1] Guy Jr, G.P., Machlin, S.R., Ekwueme, D.U. and Yabroff, K.R., 2015. Prevalence and costs of skin cancer treatment in the US, 2002− 2006 and 2007− 2011. American journal of preventive medicine, 48(2), pp.183-187.

[2] US Department of Health and Human Services, 2014. Skin cancer as a major public health problem. In The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer. Office of the Surgeon General (US).

[3] Sander, M., Sander, M., Burbidge, T. and Beecker, J., 2020. The efficacy and safety of sunscreen use for the prevention of skin cancer. CMAJ, 192(50), pp.E1802-E1808.

[4] Gallagher, R.P., 2005. Sunscreens in melanoma and skin cancer prevention. Cmaj, 173(3), pp.244-245.

[5] Tavares, R., da silva Paulitsch, F. and Zhang, L., 2018. Use of sunscreen and risk of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of dermatology, 28(2), pp.186-201.